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. 2022 Feb 23;18(10):2368–2384. doi: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2034131

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

APOE-mice show retinal functional deficits at 13 months, which are ameliorated by treatment with trehalose or metformin. WT- and APOE-mice were treated from 5 months of age until 13 months with metformin (0.4 g/kg/day) or trehalose (3 g/kg/day) and retinal function was assessed using twin flash electroretinogram. (A-C) Rod pathway responses are presented for (A) untreated controls, (B) trehalose-treated, and (C) metformin-treated WT (gray line) and APOE mice (black line). (D-F) Cone pathway responses are presented for (D) untreated controls, (E) trehalose-treated, and (F) metformin-treated WT (gray line) and APOE mice (black line). (G) APOE mice (black bars) had a reduced rod photoreceptor response (Rod PIII Rmax, a-wave) and (H) post-photoreceptor response (Rod PII Rmax, b-wave) relative to WT-control mice (gray bars) and this loss was no longer apparent following treatment. (I) While there was no apparent cone pathway deficit, metformin treatment enhanced cone post-photoreceptor responses in WT- and APOE-mice relative to their genetic controls. For all groups n ≥ 11; Two way ANOVA with post-hoc significance of p < 0.05 shown for genotype (*) and treatment (#).