TABLE 3.
Estimated mean differences for dental hygiene habits and periodontal health status by alpha diversity indices adjusted for age, gender, smoking, batch, sample type time during the day for gingival sample, and clustering by family
| Faith's phylogenetic diversity index | Shannon diversity index (H) | Observed ASVs (count, n) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β (95% CI) | p‐Value | β (95% CI) | p‐Value | β (95% CI) | p‐Value | |
| Frequency of toothbrushing | ||||||
| Twice daily | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| >Twice daily | 1.59 (−3.75, 6.92) | 0.18 (−0.01, 0.38) | 21.7 (−8.90, 52.4) | |||
| ≤Once daily | −2.17 (−4.60, 0.25) | .2 | 0.07 (−0.08, 0.22) | .2 | 5.35 (−15.8, 26.5) | .4 |
| Use of fluoride toothpaste | ||||||
| Twice daily | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| >Twice daily | 1.62 (−3.89, 7.13) | 0.19 (−0.01, 0.40) | 19.3 (−10.7, 49.3) | |||
| ≤Once daily | −1.19 (−3.48, 1.09) | .5 | 0.07 (−0.07, 0.21) | .2 | 6.29 (−13.4, 25.9) | .4 |
| Use of dental floss | ||||||
| Never or rarely | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Once weekly | −0.50 (−2.87, 1.70) | 0.003 (−0.13, 0.15) | −4.07 (−22.4, 14.3) | |||
| Once daily | −0.39 (−3.07, 2.30) | −0.11 (−0.25, 0.02) | −23.6 (−41.7, −5.42) | |||
| ≥Twice daily | 0.58 (−3.39, 4.55) | .9 | −0.20 (−0.40, 0.01) | .04 | −37.9 (−67.1, −8.66.) | .001 |
| Use of mouthwash | ||||||
| Never or rarely | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Once weekly | 2.85 (−0.13, 5.82) | −0.02 (−0.15, 0.12) | 0.94 (−16.8, 18.7) | |||
| Once daily | 0.60 (−1.48, 2.69) | −0.14 (−0.28, 0.01) | −15.5 (−34.8, 3.82) | |||
| ≥Twice daily | −1.18 (−5.07, 2.70) | .8 | −0.17 (−0.44, 0.09) | .03 | −31.4 (−63.1.7, 0.33) | .0 |
| Use of toothpicks | ||||||
| Never or rarely | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Once weekly | 1.00 (−1.46, 3.46) | −0.03 (−0.16, 0.11) | −0.47 (−17.7, 16.8) | |||
| ≥Once daily | −0.65 (−3.87, 2.57) | .9 | −0.22 (−0.42, −0.04) | .04 | −20.1 (−44.7, 4.46) | .2 |
| Gingival bleeding | ||||||
| Never | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Rarely | −3.37 (−7.00, 0.27) | 0.08 (−0.09, 0.27) | 2.80 (−17.3, 24.9) | |||
| Sometimes | −2.06 (−6.15, 2.03) | 0.14 (−0.06, 0.33) | 13.2 (−10.5, 36.9) | |||
| Often | −0.27 (−5.16, 4.61) | 0.51 (0.27, 0.76) | 71.3 (37.3, 105.2) | |||
| Always | −1.94 (−6.26, 2.39) | .9 | 0.75 (0.45, 1.04) | <.001 | 114.3 (57.5, 171.1) | <.001 |
| CPI | ||||||
| Score 0 | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Score 1 | −4.28 (−7.78, −0.78) | 0.01 (−0.29, 0.31) | 14.1 (−24.1, 52.2) | |||
| Score 2 | −0.78 (−3.98, 2.41) | 0.04 (−0.14, 0.23) | 7.90 (−15.9, 31.7) | |||
| Score 3 | −0.85 (−4.08, 2.39) | .4 | 0.19 (0.00, 0.38) | .3 | 12.7 (−20.8, 46.2) | .3 |
Note: p‐Value for linear trend of the categorical variable.
Abbreviations: ASVs, amplicon sequence variants; CI, confidence interval; CPI, community periodontal index. Numbers in bold indicate the categories that are signficantly different (p < .05) from the reference categories.