Table I.

Political or Regulatory Response to the Opioid Crisis (2010–2018)

Date	Political or Regulatory Response	Source
May 2010	President Obama releases his first National Drug Control Strategy	https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/ondcp/newsletters/ondcp_update_may_2010.pdf
April 2011	White House Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP) Report ‐ Epidemic: Responding to America's Prescription Drug Abuse Crisis	https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/ondcp/issues‐content/prescription‐drugs/rx_abuse_plan.pdf
2011/2012	FDA approves and launches Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) system for Transmucosal Immediate Release Fentanyl (TIRF) products	https://www.fda.gov/drugs/information‐drug‐class/questions‐and‐answers‐fda‐approves‐class‐risk‐evaluation‐and‐mitigation‐strategy‐rems‐transmucosal
2012/2013	FDA approves and launches REMS system for extended‐release and long‐acting opioid products	https://www.fda.gov/drugs/information‐drug‐class/questions‐and‐answers‐fda‐approves‐risk‐evaluation‐and‐mitigation‐strategy‐rems‐extended‐release‐and
September 2015	President Obama launches the Prescription Drug Overdose: Prevention for States Program through the CDC	https://www.ncsl.org/research/health/obama‐administration‐initiatives‐to‐address‐prescription‐drug‐abuse‐and‐heroin‐use.aspx; https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/states/state_prevention.html
July 2016	Senate and House pass the Comprehensive Addiction and Recovery Act (CARA)	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4959617/
May 2017	House Energy and Commerce Committee began bipartisan investigation into distribution of prescription opioids, specifically within West Virginia	https://republicans‐energycommerce.house.gov/opioids‐pilldumping/
October 2017	President Trump and HHS declare the opioid crisis a public health emergency	https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings‐statements/president‐donald‐j‐trump‐taking‐action‐drug‐addiction‐opioid‐crisis/
March 2018	President Trump launches Initiative to Stop Opioid Abuse	https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings‐statements/president‐donald‐j‐trumps‐initiative‐stop‐opioid‐abuse‐reduce‐drug‐supply‐demand/
April to June 2018	Senate approves Opioid Crisis Response Act (OCRA) and the Helping to End Addiction and Lessen (HEAL) Substance Use Disorders Act	https://bipartisanpolicy.org/blog/congressional‐actions‐to‐address‐the‐opioid‐crisis/
October 2018	Substance Use‐Disorder Prevention that Promotes Opioid Recovery Treatment (SUPPORT) for Patients and Communities Act  amends the CSA	https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR‐2020‐11‐02/pdf/2020‐23813.pdf