Table S5.
Prebiotic Modulation of Vaccine Efficacy
| Dosage | Timing (before/after vaccination) | Control | Population | Vaccine Type | Outcome | Citation | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Long-chain inulin 50% and oligofructose 50% mixture (brand: Orafti Synergy 1) | 8g/day | 4 weeks before vaccination and continuing for 4 weeks after | 4g/day maltodextrin | 45-63 years; mean age 55 (54.98) n=43 |
TIV | Significant improvement in antibody response to H3N2 strain and significant increase in vaccine specific IgG1a | Lomax et al54 |
| Combination with FOS (9%) 71% maltodextrin 20% sucrose | 8 oz liquid multivitamin and mineral plus beta-carotene, taurine, carnitine, omega- 3 fatty acids, medium chain triglycerides and fermentable oligosaccharides (prebiotics) daily | 183 days with vaccination on day 15 ± 2 | 8 oz of an isonitrogenous/isoenergetic standard liquid nutritional formula (brand unspecified) 77% maltodextrin 23% sucrose daily | 65+ years; mean age 82-84 n=66 |
TIV | Significant improvement in antibody response to H3N2 but not other strainsa | Langkamp-Henken et al30 |
| Combination with FOS (9%) 71% maltodextrin | 240 mL liquid multivitamin and mineral plus beta-carotene, taurine, carnitine, omega- 3 fatty acids, medium chain triglycerides and fermentable oligosaccharides (prebiotics) daily | 4 weeks prior to, and 6 weeks after, vaccination | 240mL of an isonitrogenous/isoenergetic standard liquid nutritional formula (brand: EnsurePlus, Abbott Laboratories) 0% FOS 77% maltodextrin daily | 65+ years; mean age 81-85 n=92 |
TIV | Significant improvement in antibody response to H1N1 but not other strainsa | Langkamp-Henken et al31 |
| Raftilose 70% and raftiline 30% mixture (brand: Prebio 1) | 6g/day In addition to a nutritional supplement providing 15 g protein and 50% of vitamin daily reference values. | 28 weeks, with vaccination at week 2 | 6g/day maltodextrin In addition to a nutritional supplement providing 15 g protein and 50% of vitamin daily reference values. | 70+ years; mean age 75.73 n=43 |
TIV and Pneumococcal | No significant difference in antibody response between groupsb | Bunout et al57 |
| Mekabu fucoidan (brand: Riken Mekabu Fucoidan); and Indigestible dextrin (brand: Fibersol-2) | 300 mg/day mekabu fucoidan plus 300 mg/day dextrin | 4 weeks prior to vaccination | 600mg/day indigestible dextrin | 60+ years; mean age 87 years n=70 |
TIV | aSignificant improvement in antibody response to B strain. Nonsignificant improvement in antibody response to other strainsa | Negishi et al58 |
aSignificant effect on/association with vaccine response for at least one vaccine strain/subgroup
bNo significant effect on/association with vaccine response