Table 1.
Study | Participant characteristics | Intervention program | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reference/country | N (e.g./CG) | Female, n (%) (e.g./CG) | Disease | Mean age ± SD (yr) (e.g./CG) | EG | CG | Length of intervention | Outcomes | Time point |
Total knee replacement | |||||||||
Yoshikawa[14] Japan Kotani[15] Japan Goto[16] Japan Li[18] China Tanaka[19] Japan Yoshioka[21] Japan Fukaya[22] Japan |
9/10 | 8 (88.9)/8 (80) | OA and RA | 61.2 ± 8.9/59.1 ± 9.8 | Training with HAL + CR | CR | e.g.:10 to 12 times HAL training (14.4 min/time) over 4 weeks + 60 to 80 min a day of CR. CG: 60 to 120 min a day of CR Total times were 26.5 (e.g.) hours and 28.2 hours (CG) respectively. |
SWS, MWS, SL-SWS, SL-MWS, cadence at SWS, cadence at MWS, strength of knee extension and flexion, knee ROM, WOMAC-P, WOMAC-F | Pre-surgery, 1, 2, 3, 4, 8 weeks |
12/10 | 10 (83.3)/8 (80) | OA | 77.3 ± 3.8/75.0 ± 5.1 | Use of HAL-SJ in knee flexion + CR | CR | e.g.: 50 active knee flexion at each session every other day using HAL-SJ (starting on POD 5) + CR (starting on POD 1). 5 to 10 min of average time over 5 days training CG: 50 active knee flexion at each session every other day (starting on POD 5). + CR (starting on POD 1). 10 to 15 min of average time over 5 days training |
VAS, Strength of knee flexion, knee ROM | Pre-intervention, 5 days | |
10/10 | 10 (100)/8 (80) | NR | 74.2 ± 7.5/73.2 ± 8.0 | Use of HAL-SJ in active assistive knee exercise + CR | CR | e.g.: 50 active assistive knee exercise at each session (HAL-SJ applied every other day, starting on POD 5) + CR (starting on POD 1) over 5 days training CG: CR (starting on POD 1) over 5 days training |
VAS, extension lag | Post-surgery 5 and 10 days | |
30/30 | 41 (68.3) | OA | NR | Robot-assisted walking training + CR | CR | e.g.: 5 times a week, 10 times in total (30 min each and twice a day, starting POD 7) over 2-weeks training CG: CPM training, peri-knee neuromuscular, electrical stimulation, isometric contraction of peri-knee muscle (starting POD 7) over 2-weeks training |
HSS, knee kinesthesia grade, knee proprioception grade, FAC, BBS, 10-m sitting-standing time, 6m walking distance | Pre-intervention, 1, 2 weeks, 1, 3, 6, 12 months | |
13/13 12/12 9/9 |
10 (76.9)/10 (76.9) 8 (66.7)/11 (91.7) 8 (88.9)/8 (88.9) |
OA OA OA and RA |
75.5 ± 5.4/75.6 ± 4.5 71.3 ± 6.2/74.9 ± 8.7 74.1 ± 5.7/76.4 ± 7.6 |
Training with HAL Use of HAL-SJ in knee exercise and flexion + CR Training with HAL |
CR CR CR |
e.g.: 5 times a week, 10 times in total (HAL training for 40 min) over 2-weeks training CG: 5 times a week, 10 times in total (CR for 40 min once a day) over 2-weeks training e.g.: knee exercise with HAL-SJ (10 extensions per set, 5 sets, twice per week, starting on POD 8) + CR (starting on POD 1) over 5 days per week training until discharge CG: CR (starting on POD 1) over 5 days per week training until discharge e.g.: 10 to 12 times in total over 4-weeks training (starting on POD 1 to 5 weeks) CG: no significant difference in the total physical therapy time compared to the e.g. |
SWS, strength of knee extension, NRS VAS, extension lag Step length, hip ROM, knee ROM, ankle ROM, joint moment |
Pre-surgery, 1, 2, 3 weeks Pre-intervention, 8,10, 15 days, Post-surgery 5 weeks |
|
Total hip replacemet | |||||||||
Yang[17] South korea | 13/12 | 11 (84.6)/10 (83.3) | Femur neck and introchanteric fracture | 79.3 ± 6.7/78.5 ± 5.4 | TCRRT + CR | CR | e.g.: 1 time a day (TCRRT for 15 min + CR for 20 min, total 35 min, starting POD 4) over 15 days CG: 1 time a day (CR for 35 min, starting POD 4) over 15 days |
MFRT, 10MWT, TUG, VAS, Strength (hip flexion/extension, knee flexion/extension) | Pre-intervention, 5, 10, 15 days |
Setoguchi[20] Japan | 8/8 | 6 (75)/6 (75) | OA | 74 ± 4.4/63.8 ± 7.7 | Gait training with HAL | CR | e.g.: gait training with HAL (40 min/time, 3 times a week, 6 times in total) (On the day without HAL, 40 min/time, CR once/day) over 2 weeks CG: CR1 time a day, 40 min/1 time over 2 weeks |
HHS, SF-36 score, single support time, double support time, cadence, velocity, stride length, anterior/posterior/lateral variability, hip ROM, knee ROM | Pre-surgery, 1, 3 weeks |
10MWT = 10 meter walk test, BBS = Berg balance score, CG = control group, CR = conventional rehabilitation, FAC = functional ambulation category, HAL = hybrid assistive limb, HAL-SJ = single-joint hybrid assistive limb, HHS = Harris hip score, HSS = hospital for special surgery, e.g. = experimental group, MFRT = modified functional reach test, MWS = maximum walking speed, NR = not reported, NRS = numerical rating scale, OA = osteoarthritis, POD = postoperative day, RA = rheumatoid arthritis, ROM = range of motion, SF-36 = score 36-Item Short Form Health Survey score, SL-MWS = step length-maximum walking speed, SL-SWS = step length- self-selected walking speed, SWS = self-selected walking speed, TCRRT = trunk control rehabilitation robot training, TUG = timed up and go test, WOMAC-F/P = Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index-function/pain, VAS = visual analogue scale.