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. 2022 May 20;185(3):955–980. doi: 10.1111/rssa.12856
PC Smartphone
Text Image ImagePush Text Image ImagePush
Female (%) 37.0 34.5 36.7 65.4 63.2 60.4
Age (mean) 50.3 50.2 49.2 43.5 43.9 42.7
Highly educated (%) 49.2 51.6 51.7 49.0 58.2** 57.6**

Note: *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01. Asterisks in the Image and ImagePush columns indicate significant differences between the text and image groups. Bold in PC columns indicates a significant difference between devices within a given group.