Table 3.

Univariate and stepdown multivariate analyses for predicting TSP‐related cardiac tamponade during left atrial ablation

Covariate	Odds ratio (CI): Univariate analysis	p value	Adjusted odds ratio (CI): Final step of multivariate analysis	p value
Male	1.29 (0.65–2.55)	.47
Age >65 years	1.84 (1.05–3.56)	.029	2.4 (1.19–4.2)	.006
EHRA class	1.16 (0.24–2.74)	.74
Ischemic heart disease	1.66 (0.89–4.83)	.11	1.63 (0.67–4.05)	.54
Dilated cardiomyopathy	0.91 (0.22–3.79)	.89
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy	1.9 (0.87–3.55)	.09	1.44 (0.77–3.1)	.35
Congenital heart disease	1.28 (0.81–2.4)	.32
Previous sternotomy	0.77 (0.3–1.16)	.15	0.64 (0.18–2.3)	.47
Left atrial dilatation	0.87 (0.48–1.29)	.13	1.12 (0.77–1.88)	.33
Anticoagulation	Warfarin: 0.62 (0.23–1.67)	.31
	Direct oral anticoagulant: 1.38 (0.73–7.4)	.22
Re‐do procedure	1.97 (1.19–2.43)	.035	1.95 (1.29–3.43)	.042
Cryoablation	1.53 (0.86–3.1)	.26
Transoesophageal echo	0.51 (0.27–0.89)	.021	0.51 (0.11–0.94)	.023
High‐volume operator	0.5 (0.31–0.77)	.008	0.4 (0.17–0.85)	.002
TSP puncture sheath	Cryosheath: 0.93 (0.22–3.88)	.92
	Agilis: 0.77 (0.41–3.1)	.39
	Vizigo: 0.67 (0.31–4.2)	.76
	Mullins: 1.09 (0.52–2.31)	.82
	Swartz: 1.42 (0.72–2.81)	.31
TSP puncture needle	Brockenbrough: 1.25 (0.66–2.36)	.48
	Endrys: 0.88 (0.45–1.72)	.71
Transseptal guidewire	0.38 (0.15–0.81)	.002	0.22 (0.08–0.62)	.001
First pass unsuccessful	3.93 (2.13–6.85)	.019	4.42 (2.45–8.2)	.001

Note: Significant p values in bold.

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; TSP, transseptal puncture.