Fig. 2.

A wide variety of tools and technologies are now available to study potential impacts of contaminants on animal behaviour. Automated systems allow for (A) simultaneous tracking of large numbers of individuals (TRex; Walter & Couzin, ²⁰²¹), and quantification of traits beyond movement, including (B) 2D visual fields (TRex; Walter & Couzin, ²⁰²¹) and (C) posture analysis (DeepPoseKit; Graving et al., ²⁰¹⁹). New technologies are also increasing mechanistic understanding in behavioural ecotoxicology, such as (D) functional neuroimaging with genetically encoded calcium sensors, used to quantify whole‐brain drug activity in larval fish (Winter et al., ²⁰¹⁷). Further, innovative approaches enable tracking individuals in semi‐field and field settings: (E) automated barcode systems (Alarcón‐Nieto et al., ²⁰¹⁸); (F) radio‐frequency identification (RFID) tagging, employed to reveal lifetime reductions in neonicotinoid‐exposed honey bee foraging (Colin et al., ²⁰¹⁹); (G) Global Location Sensors (GLS), deployed to study spatial and seasonal mercury contamination of migratory little auks (Alle alle; Renedo et al., ²⁰²⁰); and (H) high‐resolution acoustic telemetry, used in a whole‐lake experiment to demonstrate reduced anxiety in prey fish exposed to pharmaceutical pollution (Klaminder et al., ²⁰¹⁶). Image credits: A and B, T. Walter; C, J.M. Graving; D, M.J. Winter; E, G. Alarcón‐Nieto (left) and D. Farine (right); F, T. Colin; G, J. Fort; and H, J. Klaminder.