TABLE 2.
Number and percentage of individuals, mean HbA1c, percentage of those at the target HbA1c level less than 53 mmol/mol (7%) and with a poor level of HbA1c more or equal to 75 mmol/mol (9%) in each medication group a for the entire study population
| Medication group | Statistic | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | p‐value b |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No medication | N (%) | 665 (8.3) | 700 (8.4) | 701 (8.2) | 765 (8.7) | 753 (8.4) | 653 (8.8) | 703 (9.1) | <0.001 |
| Mean HbA1c, mmol/mol (%) | 41 (5.9) | 42 (6.0) | 41 (5.9) | 41 (5.9) | 42 (6.0) | 41 (5.9) | 42 (6.0) | <0.001 | |
| HbA1c < 53 mmol/mol (7%), % | 96 | 95 | 96 | 97 | 96 | 98 | 97 | <0.001 | |
| HbA1c ≥ 75 mmol/mol (9%), % | 1.1 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.392 | |
| Metformin only | N (%) | 2713 (34) | 2879 (34) | 2923 (34) | 2994 (34) | 3156 (35) | 2418 (33) | 2574 (34) | <0.001 |
| Mean HbA1c, mmol/mol (%) | 42 (6.0) | 44 (6.1) | 44 (6.1) | 43 (6.1) | 44 (6.2) | 44 (6.2) | 44 (6.2) | <0.001 | |
| HbA1c < 53 mmol/mol (7%), % | 95 | 93 | 93 | 94 | 93 | 92 | 91 | <0.001 | |
| HbA1c ≥ 75 mmol/mol (9%), % | 0.4 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.6 | <0.001 | |
| Gliptin without SGLT2‐i or GLP−1 RA or insulin | N (%) | 1340 (17) | 1508 (18) | 1636 (19) | 1676 (19) | 1532 (17) | 1120 (15) | 1061 (14) | <0.001 |
| Mean HbA1c, mmol/mol (%) | 47 (6.4) | 48 (6.6) | 48 (6.6) | 48 (6.5) | 49 (6.6) | 48 (6.5) | 49 (6.6) | <0.001 | |
| HbA1c < 53 mmol/mol (7%), % | 82 | 78 | 76 | 79 | 76 | 79 | 75 | <0.001 | |
| HbA1c ≥ 75 mmol/mol (9%), % | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.7 | 2.1 | 3.2 | 2.5 | 2.5 | <0.001 | |
| SGLT2‐i without GLP−1 RA or insulin | N (%) | 132 (1.6) | 176 (2.1) | 214 (2.5) | 404 (4.6) | 631 (7.0) | 678 (9.2) | 854 (11) | <0.001 |
| Mean HbA1c, mmol/mol (%) | 47 (6.5) | 48 (6.6) | 50 (6.7) | 52 (6.9) | 53 (7.0) | 53 (7.0) | 53 (7.0) | <0.001 | |
| HbA1c < 53 mmol/mol (7%), % | 83 | 74 | 68 | 62 | 56 | 56 | 53 | <0.001 | |
| HbA1c ≥ 75 mmol/mol (9%), % | 3.0 | 0.6 | 3.3 | 3.5 | 4.8 | 4.0 | 4.2 | 0.001 | |
| GLP−1 RA without insulin | N (%) | 164 (2.0) | 179 (2.1) | 194 (2.3) | 205 (2.3) | 225 (2.5) | 203 (2.7) | 238 (3.1) | <0.001 |
| Mean HbA1c, mmol/mol (%) | 49 (6.6) | 50 (6.8) | 54 (7.0) | 54 (7.1) | 55 (7.2) | 57 (7.3) | 57 (7.4) | <0.001 | |
| HbA1c < 53 mmol/mol (7%), % | 73 | 68 | 55 | 54 | 49 | 43 | 41 | <0.001 | |
| HbA1c ≥ 75 mmol/mol (9%), % | 1.8 | 3.4 | 5.7 | 6.3 | 6.7 | 7.9 | 8.4 | 0.042 | |
| Long‐acting insulin without short acting insulin | N (%) | 1327 (17) | 1333 (16) | 1374 (16) | 1373 (16) | 1449 (16) | 1277 (17) | 1293 (17) | <0.001 |
| Mean HbA1c, mmol/mol (%) | 56 (7.2) | 58 (7.4) | 58 (7.5) | 58 (7.5) | 60 (7.6) | 60 (7.6) | 60 (7.7) | <0.001 | |
| HbA1c < 53 mmol/mol (7%), % | 49 | 42 | 39 | 39 | 34 | 35 | 32 | <0.001 | |
| HbA1c ≥ 75 mmol/mol (9%), % | 11 | 12 | 12 | 13 | 15 | 14 | 15 | 0.004 | |
| Short‐acting insulin | N (%) | 1456 (18) | 1394 (17) | 1335 (16) | 1290 (15) | 1191 (13) | 991 (13) | 932 (12) | <0.001 |
| Mean HbA1c, mmol/mol (%) | 61 (7.7) | 62 (7.8) | 62 (7.8) | 62 (7.8) | 64 (8.0) | 63 (7.9) | 65 (8.1) | <0.001 | |
| HbA1c < 53 mmol/mol (7%), % | 33 | 31 | 29 | 28 | 25 | 27 | 23 | <0.001 | |
| HbA1c ≥ 75 mmol/mol (9%), % | 17 | 20 | 19 | 19 | 21 | 19 | 23 | 0.022 | |
| Other | N (%) | 262 (3.3) | 196 (2.3) | 142 (1.7) | 112 (1.3) | 78 (0.9) | 51 (0.7) | 35 (0.5) | <0.001 |
| Mean HbA1c, mmol/mol (%) | 46 (6.4) | 46 (6.4) | 46 (6.4) | 45 (6.2) | 46 (6.4) | 45 (6.3) | 47 (6.5) | <0.001 | |
| HbA1c < 53 mmol/mol (7%), % | 87 | 84 | 85 | 85 | 85 | 84 | 86 | 0.002 | |
| HbA1c ≥ 75 mmol/mol (9%), % | 2.3 | 1.0 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.3 | 0.0 | 5.7 | 0.379 |
a
Each category can include medications from the previous categories except the category other, which includes only medications not mentioned previously.
b
p‐values for the differences between years from logistic (percentages) and linear (mean) regression with GEE.