Table 2.
Combined effects of hypoxia and oomycetes on plants reported in 17 studies
| Host (age) | Type of stressa (duration) | Oomycete | Effect | Ref | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abies fraseri (2 years) | F (24 and 48 h) | Phytophthora cinnamomi | Increased infection and seedling mortality | Kenerley (1984) | |
| Actinidia deliciosa (8 months) | F (3–5 days per week, 3 weeks) | Phytopythium chamaehyphon and P. vexans | Needed to induce kiwifruit decline | Savian et al., (2020) | |
| Capsicum annuum (1 month) | F (24 h) | Phytophthora capsici | Plant mortality increased as the number of flooding periods at 10‐day intervals increased | Bowers et al., (1990) | |
| Eucalyptus marginata (5 months) | 0.05 mg O2 L−1 (6 h) and 2 mg O2 L−1 (6 days) | Phytophthora cinnamomi | Larger lesions in roots exposed to anoxia but lower in roots exposed to hypoxia | Burgess et al., (1999) | |
| Glycine max (1–10 days) | F (2 and 5 days) | Pythium ultimum | Additive effect | Kirkpatrick et al., (2006) | |
| Malus ×domestica (8 weeks) | F (0, 24, 48, and 72 h each week for 4 months) |
Phytophthora cactorum, P. cambivora, P. cryptogea and P. megasperma |
Mean crown rot incidence of 2.5%, 6.3%, 19%, and 50% for 0, 24, 48, and 72 h flooding, respectively | Wilcox, (1993) | |
| Malus pumila (8 months) | F (4, 12, 24, 48 h every 2 weeks) |
Phytophthora cactorum, P. cambivora and P. cryptogea |
Increased root and crown rot especially by P. cryptogea | Browne & Mircetich (1988) | |
| Medicago sativa (3 weeks) | W (1 week) | Phytophthora megasperma | Water saturation before inoculation predisposed plants to root rot by increasing root damage and exudation of nutrients | Kuan & Erwin (1980) | |
| Nicotiana tabacum and Glycine max cells (7 days) | N atmosphere (4–9 h) | P. nicotianae and P. sojae | Failure of resistance expression; infection and colonisation of cells by incompatible isolates | McDonald (2002 | |
| ersea americana (1 year) | F (14 days) | Phytophthora cinnamomi | Additive and synergistic damage | Reeksting et al. (2014) | |
| Prunus mahaleb (4 months) | F (48 h every 2 wk) | Phytophthora cryptogea, P. cambivora, P. megasperma and P. drechsleri | Increased root damage and reduced growth | Wilcox (1985) | |
| Prunus mahaleb (8 weeks) | F (48 h every 2 weeks) | P. cryptogea and P. megasperma | 81%–99% of the root system diseased | Wilcox & Mircetich (1985) | |
| Prunus persica (10 weeks) | W (8 h every 5 days) | Pythium vexans and P. irregulare | Disease severity increased with P. vexans only | Biesbrock & Hendrix (1970) | |
| Quercus ilex (>70 years) | Wg (>2 months) | Phytophthora cinnamomi | Increased root damage | Corcobado et al. (2013) | |
| Quercus ilex (>70 years) | W (>2 months) | Phytophthora cinnamomi | Shifts in ectomycorrhizal abundance related to infection | Corcobado et al. (2014b) | |
| Quercus suber (2 months) | ≤1% oxygen (5 days) | Phytophthora cinnamomi | Higher disease incidence but similar disease severity | Jacobs et al., 1997) | |
| Rhododendron (1 year) | F (48 h before inoculation) | Phytophthora cinnamomi | severe symptoms of root and crown rot | Blaker & McDonald, (1981) | |
a
Flooding (F, water standing above soil level) and waterlogging (W, only the soil is flooded).