TABLE 2.
Acute respiratory illnesses (ARI), risk periods, and incidence rates by viral etiology among pregnant women enrolled in the INFLUMIKA a cohort
| El Salvador | Panama | P‐value | Total | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Laboratory‐tested ARI | 149 (69.0%) | 47 (19.0%) | 196 (42.2%) | ||
| Rhinoviruses | 30 (20%) | 12 (26%) | <0.001 | 42 (21%) | |
| Influenza viruses b | 15 (10%) | 6 (13%) | 0.006 | 21 (11%) | |
| Parainfluenza 1 | 3 (2%) | 0 (0%) | 0.069 | 3 (2%) | |
| Parainfluenza 2 | 5 (3%) | 0 (0%) | 0.012 | 5 (3%) | |
| Parainfluenza 3 | 7 (5%) | 2 (4%) | 0.038 | 9 (5%) | |
| Respiratory syncytial virus | 11 (7%) | 3 (6%) | 0.006 | 14 (7%) | |
| Human metapneumovirus | 3 (2%) | 1 (2%) | 0.312 | 4 (2%) | |
| Estimated viral ARI in untested c | 67 | 201 | 268 | ||
| Rhinoviruses | 1.7 (1.3–2.1) | 28.0 (25.1–30.9) | 29.7 (26.4–33.0) | ||
| Influenza viruses b | 1.9 (0.0–3.7) | 6.5 (5.8–7.2) | 8.4 (5.8–10.9) | ||
| Parainfluenzas | 0.2 (0.0–0.4) | 6.0 (4.5–7.4) | 6.2 (4.5–7.8) | ||
| Respiratory syncytial virus | 0.8 (0.5–1.1) | 2.9 (2.1–3.8) | 3.7 (2.6–4.9) | ||
| Human metapneumovirus | 0.1 (0.0–3.0) | 2.2 (1.3–3.1) | 3.0 (2.1–4.1) | ||
| Total risk period in years | 464 | 533 | 997 | ||
| Influenza viruses b , d | 297 (64%) | 293 (55%) | 590 (59%) | ||
| Respiratory Syncytial virus | 331 (71%) | 413 (77%) | 744 (75%) | ||
| Human metapneumovirus | 349 (75%) | 402 (75%) | 751 (75%) | ||
| Parainfluenza viruses | 223 (48%) | 481 (90%) | 704 (71%) | ||
| Rhinoviruses | 455 (98%) | 528 (99%) | 983 (99%) | ||
| Adjusted rates per 100 py e | |||||
| Rhinoviruses | 7.0 (6.9–7.1) | 7.7 (7.1–8.2) | 7.3 (7.0–7.7) | ||
| Influenza viruses b | 5.7 (5.0–6.3) | 4.3 (4.0–4.5) | 5.0 (4.5–5.4) | ||
| Parainfluenzas | 6.8 (6.7–6.9) | 1.7 (1.4–2.0) | 3.3 (3.1–3.5) | ||
| Respiratory syncytial virus | 3.6 (3.5–3.7) | 1.4 (1.2–1.6) | 2.4 (2.2–2.5) | ||
| Human metapneumovirus | 0.9 (0.9–0.9) | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | 0.9 (0.8–1.1) | ||
INFLUMIKA is the Spanish language acronym of the cohort (i.e., Influenza maternal e Infantil y Zika).
Influenza viruses are the only viruses listed in this table for which there is a licensed vaccine.
Estimates assume that untested women with ARI in the Panama and El Salvador cohorts would have been as likely to test positive for specific respiratory viruses as persons aged 15–49 years identified through each country's national surveillance system. For influenza, specifically, we adjusted the proportion of influenza detections among afebrile versus febrile adults with ARI (i.e., 0.24) 14 because untested women were typically afebrile, while those tested were febrile. To partially account for uncertainty in these estimates, we also incorporated the variance in the proportion of persons testing positive each week into the respiratory virus‐specific rates and the variance in the proportion of afebrile persons testing positive versus those who were febrile. The 95% confidence interval is provided in the parentheses.
Subset of risk period when virus was identified through each country's national surveillance system.
Adjusted rates use the sum of laboratory‐confirmed and estimated viral ARI as the numerator and the weeks when those viruses were identified through each country's national surveillance system as the risk period (i.e., denominator). Incidence rates are presented per 100 person‐years (py). The 95% confidence interval is provided in the parentheses.