Fig. 5.

Two‐dimensional representation of simulation results showing the sets of sunfleck properties (amplitude, duration and frequency) resulting in the same time‐integrated CO₂ assimilation between leaves from the top and bottom of the canopy for a sunfleck–shade cycle (as in Fig. 1), in Fagus sylvatica trees of Swedish provenance, grown in Helsinki. Colour gradients show series of increasing (a) sunfleck amplitude, (b) sunfleck duration, and (c) sunfleck frequency from light to dark brown.