TABLE 1.
Early clinical features in PD cases without T2DM, compared with cases with T2DM
| Demographics | PD (n = 1763) a | PD + T2DM (n = 167) a | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (y), mean (SE) | 67.2 (0.2) | 71.1 (0.7) | <0.001 |
| Age of diagnosis (y), mean (SE) | 65.8 (0.2) | 69.7 (0.6) | <0.001 |
| Disease duration, mo | 15.6 | 15.6 | 0.935 |
| Sex, male, n (%) | 1137 (64.5) | 121 (72.5) | 0.041 |
| Ethnicity, White, n (%) | 1701 (98.0) | 164 (98.8) | 0.766 |
| BMI, mean (SE) | 26.7 (0.1) | 29.7 (0.4) | <0.001 |
| Vascular risk category: number of vascular diseases (eg, angina, heart failure, stroke, heart attack, diabetes, high cholesterol, high blood pressure), n (%) |
0 = 888 (51) 1 = 440 (25) >2 = 438 (25) |
0 = 0 (0) 1 = 45 (27) >2 = 122 (73) |
|
| Aspect of PD Scale | |||
| Nonmotor symptoms | |||
| UPDRS Part I, mean (SE) | 9.2 (1.3) | 10.2 (0.4) | 0.004 |
| NMSS total, mean (SE) | 31.8 (0.7) | 38.4 (2.5) | <0.001 |
| Sleep, mean (SE) | 5.9 (0.1) | 7.1 (0.5) | 0.014 |
| Cardiovascular, mean (SE) | 0.9 (0.04) | 0.9 (0.1) | 0.537 |
| Mood, mean (SE) | 4.7 (0.2) | 6.0 (0.7) | 0.066 |
| Perception/Hallucinations, mean (SE) | 0.6 (0.5) | 0.7 (0.2) | 0.608 |
| Attention/Memory, mean (SE) | 3.6 (0.1) | 5.1 (0.4) | 0.001 |
| Gastrointestinal tract, mean (SE) | 2.7 (0.1) | 2.8 (0.3) | 0.623 |
| Urinary, mean (SE) | 6.4 (0.2) | 6.8 (0.5) | 0.464 |
| Sexual, mean (SE) | 2.3 (0.1) | 3.1 (0.3) | 0.100 |
| Miscellaneous, mean (SE) | 4.0 (0.1) | 4.6 (0.4) | 0.393 |
| Leeds Anxiety Index, mean (SE) | 4.2 (0.1) | 5.0 (0.3) | 0.072 |
| Anxiety (LADS > 6), n (%) | 392 (23.1) | 47 (30.3) | 0.048 |
| Leeds Depression Index, mean (SE) | 4.2 (0.1) | 5.1 (0.3) | 0.003 |
| Depression (LADS > 6), n (%) | 380 (22.4) | 55 (34.6) | 0.001 |
| Sleep, mean (SE) | |||
| PDSS, mean (SE) | 110.3 (0.6) | 103.4 (1.9) | 0.001 |
| ESS, mean (SE) | 6.7 (0.1) | 7.9 (0.4) | 0.001 |
| Cognition | |||
| MoCA total, mean (SE) | 25.0 (0.1) | 23.6 (0.3) | <0.001 |
| MCI (MoCA score 21–25 and UPDRS 1.1 score < 4), n (%) | 624 (35.7) | 55 (33.1) | 0.553 |
| Psychiatric features | |||
| ICD (QUIP 1–4 > 1.0), mean (SE) | 136 (8.5) | 19 (8.4) | 0.973 |
| ICD‐RDs (QUIP 5–8 > 1.0), mean (SE) | 249 (17.1) | 12 (9.6) | 0.029 |
| Hallucinations, n (%) | 177 (10.1) | 23 (13.9) | 0.133 |
| Motor features | |||
| UPDRS Part II, mean (SE) | 9.7 (0.2) | 10.3 (0.5) | 0.221 |
| UPDRS Part III, mean (SE) | 22.5 (0.3) | 25.8 (0.9) | 0.002 |
| Substantial gait impairment, n (%) | 46 (2.6) | 20 (12.1) | <0.001 |
| UPDRS Part IV, mean (SE) | 0.7 (0.1) | 0.9 (0.1) | 0.288 |
| Dyskinesia, n (%) | 69 (4.0) | 7 (4.2) | 0.890 |
| Quality of life | |||
| PDQ8 total, mean (SE) | 5.8 (0.1) | 6.4 (0.4) | 0.157 |
| EQ5D Visual Analogue Scale, mean (SE) | 77.2 (0.4) | 72.0 (1.4) | <0.001 |
| EQ5D Index, mean (SE) | 0.74 (0.1) | 0.68 (0.02) | 0.001 |
| SE‐ADL, mean (SE) | 88.5 (0.3) | 85.2 (0.9) | <0.001 |
| Loss of independence, n (%) | 150 (8.6) | 33 (20.1) | <0.001 |
| Hoehn & Yahr > 3, n (%) | 142 (8.0) | 23 (17.7) | 0.001 |
| Medication | |||
| Levodopa equivalent daily dose (mg), mean (SE) | 289.1 (4.6) | 321.6 (15.2) | 0.042 |
| Untreated, n (%) | 179 (10.2) | 5 (3.0) | 0.004 |
Means are estimated/adjusted for covariates, and P values are corrected for multiple comparisons.
PD, Parkinson's disease; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; BMI, body mass index; UPDRS, Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale; NMSS, Non‐Motor Symptoms Scale; LADS, Leeds Anxiety and Depression Scale; PDSS, Parkinson's Sleep Scale; ESS, Epworth Sleepiness Scale; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; MCI, mild cognitive impairment; ICD, impulse control disorder; ICD‐RD, impulse control and related disorders; QUIP, Questionnaire for Impulsive‐Compulsive Disorders in PD; PDQ8, Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire; SE‐ADL, Schwab and England Activities of Daily Living Scale.