TABLE 1.
Summary characteristics of studies included in the scoping literature review
| Name | Country | Aim(s) | Method(s) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Acker (2017) | USA | Transphobia among students majoring in the helping professions. | Questionnaire completed by 600 undergraduate students (social work, nursing, psychology, occupational therapy). Data analysis: quantitative ‐ descriptive & complex statistical analysis. |
| 2 | Ahrendt et al. (2017) | USA | Ageism & heterosexism re. older adult sexual activity among care providers in long‐term care facilities. | Vignette‐based questionnaire completed by 153 residential care staff (one religious‐based home, one public). Data analysis: quantitative ‐ descriptive & complex statistical analysis. |
| 3 | Almack et al. (2010) | UK | Impact of sexual orientation on end‐of‐life care & bereavement within same‐sex relationships. | 4 focus groups with 15 lesbian & gay older people. Data analysis: qualitative ‐ narrative analysis. |
| 4 | Atteberry‐Ash et al. (2019) | USA | LGBTQ social work students’ experiences of ‘harmful discourse’. | Interviews with 12 students: Data analysis – qualitative (phenomenological analysis). |
| 5 | Austin et al. (2016) | USA | Trans social work students’ experiences at multiple universities. | Questionnaire completed by 97 trans social work students. Data analysis: quantitative ‐ descriptive & complex statistical analysis; qualitative ‐ thematic analysis; |
| 6 | Aynur et al. (2020) | Turkey | Nurse attitudes to LGBT people & demographics that influence them. | Questionnaire completed by 192 nurses working in a university hospital. Data analysis: quantitative ‐ descriptive & complex statistical analysis. |
| 7 | Barker (2013) | USA | Christian students’ experiences of social work educational programs. | Four focus groups with Christian social workers (total n = 30). Data analysis: qualitative ‐ thematic, no model described. |
| 8 | Baiocco et al. (2021) | 7 countries | LGBT+training needs of health/social care staff in UK, Denmark, Spain, Germany, Cyprus, Italy & Romania. | Questionnaire completed by 412 health & social care academics & workers. Data analysis: quantitative ‐ descriptive & complex statistical analysis. |
| 9 | Banwari et al. (2015) | India | Medical students & interns’ knowledge about & attitude towards ‘homosexuality’ | Questionnaire completed by 339 medical students & interns. Data analysis: quantitative ‐ descriptive & complex statistical analysis. |
| 10 | Bennett et al. (2017) [Same dataset as Chapman et al. (2012)] | Australia | Nurse attitudes towards LGBT+parents seeking health care for their children. | Questionnaire completed by 51 nurses & allied professionals. Data analysis: quantitative ‐ descriptive & complex statistical analysis; qualitative ‐ thematic analysis. |
| 11 | BMA (2016) | UK | Attitudes towards LGB doctors & medical students in the workplace or place of study. | Questionnaire completed by 803 doctors/students identifying as LGB/ ‘prefer not to say’/did not respond. Methodology not described. Reporting = descriptive statistics & themed analysis. |
| 12 | Butler (2017) | USA | Older lesbians' experiences of home care. | Interviews with 20 lesbians aged 65 & over who had received home care services within the preceding 10 years. Data analysis: qualitative ‐ grounded theory. |
| 13 | Byers et al. (2020) | USA & Canada | Social work students' experiences of homophobic & transphobic microaggressions. | Questionnaire completed by 824 social work students. Data analysis = mixed methods: quantitative ‐ descriptive & complex statistical analysis; qualitative ‐ thematic analysis. |
| 14 | Carabez et al. (2015) | USA | Nursing students' knowledge of LGBT healthcare needs & evaluate of effects of a teaching intervention. | Questionnaire completed by 120 students completed a survey. Data analysis: methods not described. Reporting comprised descriptive statistics & themed analysis. |
| 15 | Cartwright et al. (2012) | Australia | LGBT issues re. end‐of‐life care & advance care planning. | Telephone consultations (quasi‐interview) with 19 service providers & 6 members of LGBT community organisations. Data analysis ‐ qualitative, grounded theory. |
| 16 | Cele et al. (2015) | South Africa | ‘Homosexual’ patients’ experiences of primary health care | 12 semi‐structured interviews. Data analysis: qualitative ‐ content analysis. |
| 17 | Chapman et al. (2012) Same dataset as Bennett et al. (2017)] | Australia | Nursing & medical students’ knowledge & attitudes re. LGBT parents | Questionnaire completed by 150 nursing students & 171 medical students. Data analysis: quantitative ‐ descriptive & complex statistical analysis. |
| 18 | Chaze et al. (2019) | Canada | Long‐term care homes’ websites’ inclusion of ethnoculturally diverse & LGBTQ older adults. | Content analysis of 103 long‐term care homes' websites. Data analysis: qualitative ‐ content analysis. |
| 19 | Chonody et al. (2014) | USA | Sexual prejudice separately toward gay men & lesbians among heterosexual social work faculty. | Questionnaire completed by 303 faculty staff. Data analysis: quantitative ‐ descriptive & complex statistical analysis. |
| 20 | Chonody et al. (2013) | USA | Catholic & Protestant social work students’ attitudes towards lesbians and gay men. | Questionnaire completed by 383 “completely heterosexual” students from four universities. Data analysis: quantitative ‐ descriptive & complex statistical analysis. |
| 21 | Cloyes et al. (2020) | USA | Hospice interdisciplinary teams’ attitudes toward sexual & gender minority patients & caregivers. | Questionnaire completed by 122 hospice team members across multiple hospices. Data analysis: quantitative ‐ descriptive & complex statistical analysis. |
| 22 | Coolhart and Brown (2017) | USA | Homeless LGBTQ teenagers and young adults’ experiences in in homeless shelters. | Semi‐structured interviews with young adults (14–21) (n = 7) who have used homeless services & providers of homeless services (n−9). Data analysis: qualitative ‐ grounded theory. |
| 23 | Cornelius and Carrick (2015) | USA | Nursing students’ knowledge of & attitudes toward LGBT healthcare concerns | Questionnaire completed by 190 nursing students. Data analysis not described. Reporting comprised descriptive statistics & themed analysis. |
| 24 | Corrêa‐Ribeiro et al. (2018) | Brazil | Adapt questionnaire to evaluate the knowledge of ‘homosexuality’ among heterosexual physicians in Brazil. | Questionnaire completed by 22 physicians. Data analysis: quantitative ‐ descriptive & complex statistical analysis. |
| 25 | de Jong (2017) | USA | Christian social work faculty members' attitudes towards transgender & gender‐variant people. | Questionnaire completed by 41 faculty members, across multiple social work schools. Data analysis: quantitative ‐ descriptive statistics. |
| 26 | Dessel et al. (2012) | USA & Canada | Social work faculty's attitudes re 'people of Color’, women, lesbian & gay people, their religious affiliation & religiosity. | Questionnaire completed by 327 faculty members. Data analysis: quantitative ‐ descriptive & complex statistical analysis. |
| 27 | Dunjić‐Kostić et al. (2012) | Serbia | Medical students’ knowledge about & attitudes towards ‘homosexuality’. | Questionnaire completed by 177 physicians & students. Data analysis: quantitative ‐ descriptive & complex statistical analysis. |
| 28 | Fisher et al. (2017) | Italy | Compare attitudes toward LGBT people among 'gender dysphoric individuals', controls & healthcare providers. | Questionnaire completed by 310 respondents. Data analysis: quantitative ‐ descriptive & complex statistical analysis. |
| 29 | Fredriksen‐Goldsen et al. (2011) | USA & Canada | Social work faculty's attitudes towards LGBT people. | Analysis of survey data subset (n = 327). Data analysis: quantitative ‐ descriptive & complex statistical analysis. |
| 30 | Guasp (2011) | UK | Surveys of 1050 heterosexual & 1036 LGB older people re. experiences & expectations of ageing | Not described. Questionnaire data. Reporting comprised descriptive statistics & themed analysis. |
| 31 | Hafford‐Letchfield et al. (2018) [Shared dataset with Willis et al. (2018)] | UK | LGBT+action research project with six care homes for older people to assess & develop services. | 35 semi‐structured telephone interviews pre‐& post‐interventions with 18 care home managers (CHMs), Community Advisors (CAs) & senior managers & a single focus group. Data analysis: qualitative ‐ thematic analysis. |
| 32 | Hatiboğlu et al. (2019) | Turkey | Social work students’ strategies for resolving conflicts between their personal & professional values. | ‘Reflections of 34 students’ attending a creative drama‐based group. Data were notes & memos, reflective diaries, group discussions. Data analysis: qualitative ‐ grounded theory. |
| 33 | Henrickson et al. (2021) | New Zealand | Older age residential care staff's, residents’ & family members’ attitudes towards 'sexually diverse' people. | Interviews with 77 participants including staff, residents & family members. Data analysis: qualitative ‐ thematic. |
| 34 | Holman et al. (2020) | USA | Efficacy of LGBT‐diversity training with senior housing facility staff | Pre‐ & post‐test surveys of 59 staff. Data analysis: quantitative ‐ descriptive & complex statistical analysis. |
| 35 | Howard et al. (2020) | Canada | How managers navigate resident sexual expression in care homes. | 28 in‐depth interviews with managers, clinical ethicists, geriatric specialists, & social workers. Data analysis: qualitative thematic analysis. |
| 36 | Jaffee et al. (2016) | Canada & USA | Incoming social work students’ attitudes toward sexual minorities | Questionnaire completed by 376 social work students. Data analysis: quantitative ‐ descriptive & complex statistical analysis. |
| 37 | Johnston and Shearer (2017) | USA | Medical residents' attitudes, prior education, comfort, & knowledge re. transgender primary care. | Questionnaire completed by 67 internal medicine residents. Data analysis not described. Reporting comprised descriptive statistics. |
| 38 | Joslin et al. (2016) | USA | Social work students’ experiences in a Christianity & sexual minority intergroup dialogue. | Retrospective interviews with Christian‐LGB (n = 2) secular‐LGB (n = 3) & Christian heterosexual (n = 5) social work students. Data analysis: qualitative ‘constant coding method’. |
| 39 | Knocker (2012) | UK | Older LGB people's views and experiences of getting older & expectations of support services | Eight in‐depth interviews. Data analysis not described. |
| 40 | Kwak and Kim (2019) | South Korea | Homophobia among nursing students | Survey of 265 nursing students. Data analysis: quantitative ‐ descriptive and complex statistics. |
| 41 | Lennon‐Dearing and Delavega (2016) | USA | Social workers’ & future social workers’ attitudes towards LGBT people | Questionnaire completed by 215 social workers & social work students. Data analysis methodology not detailed. Reporting comprised descriptive & complex statistical analysis. |
| 42 | Leung (2016) | Hong Kong | Barriers to lesbian & gay people obtaining social services’ help after same‐sex partner abuse | Nine interviews with lesbians & gay men who had been abused by their same‐sex partners. Data analysis: qualitative ‐ grounded theory. |
| 43 | Lim et al. (2015) | USA | Baccalaureate nursing program faculty's knowledge about & readiness to teach re. LGBT health. | Questionnaire completed by over 1000 nursing faculty. Data analysis: quantitative – descriptive statistics; qualitative ‐ themed analysis |
| 44 | Lopes et al. (2016) | Portugal | Medical students’ knowledge & attitudes towards homosexuality | Questionnaire completed by 489 medical students. Data analysis: quantitative ‐ descriptive & complex statistical analysis. |
| 45 | McCarty‐Caplan (2018) | USA | Organizational LGBT‐competence of social work program and its students. | Two‐stage survey. Full details not provided. Original thesis cited as source of more detailed methodology. Quantitative ‐ statistical analysis. |
| 46 | Messinger et al.(2020) | USA & Canada | Social work students’ experiences in field placement related to their sexual orientation and/or gender identity. | Qualitative thematic analysis of 207 survey responses from a larger study (Craig et al., 2015). |
| 47 | Ng et al. (2015) | Malaysia | Nursing students’ attitudes toward homosexuality. | Questionnaires completed by 495 nursing students in Malaysia. Data analysis: quantitative ‐ descriptive & complex statistical analysis. |
| 48 | Nieto‐Gutierrez et al. (2019) | Peru | Social, educational & cultural factors associated with homophobia among medical students. | Questionnaire completed by 883 medical students at 11 universities. Data analysis: quantitative ‐ descriptive & complex statistical analysis. |
| 49 | Papadaki et al. (2013) | Crete, Greece | Social work students’ attitudes towards lesbians & gay men | Questionnaire completed by 281 social work students. Data analysis: quantitative ‐ descriptive & complex statistical analysis. |
| 50 | Pelts and Galambos (2017) | USA | Responses of 60 LTC staff who participated in a storytelling event involving older lesbian & older gay man | Questionnaire completed by 60 LTC staff, pre‐/post‐ storytelling intervention. Data analysis: quantitative ‐ descriptive & complex statistical analysis. |
| 51 | Prairie et al. (2019) | USA | Religiosity, geographic areas & healthcare professionals' attitudes toward ‘LGB & asexual’ people | Data from 1376 healthcare professionals (MDs & dentists) via public database. Data analysis not described. Reporting comprised descriptive & complex statistics /themed analysis. |
| 52 | Prairie et al. (2018) | USA | Healthcare providers’ perceived autonomy, religious faith & medical practice re. providing care for LGBT+people. | Questionnaire completed by 42 physicians & medical residents. Open ended questions, free‐text answers Data analysis: qualitative ‐ thematic. |
| 53 | Robinson (2016) | 5 countries | Aspects of ageing concerning older gay men in USA, Australia, New Zealand, UK. | Interviews with 25 men aged 60 & older who were recruited in Auckl&, London, Manchester, Melbourne, & New York. Data analysis: qualitative ‐ narrative analysis. |
| 54 | Schaub et al. (2017) | UK | Social workers’ beliefs & values about sexuality in relation to everyday professional interactions | Questionnaire completed by 112 social workers. Data analysis: quantitative ‐ descriptive & complex statistical analysis. |
| 55 | Simpson et al. (2016) | UK | Care home staff's attitudes, knowledge/policies & practices re LGBT residents. | Questionnaire completed by 187 individuals, including service managers & direct care staff. Data analysis (not described): descriptive statistics |
| 56 | Sirota (2013) | USA | Attitudes of nurse educators toward 'homosexuality' | Survey of 1282 nurse educators. Data analysis: quantitative ‐ descriptive and complex statistics. |
| 57 | Somerville (2015) | UK | LGBT staff's experiences in health & social care settings. | Stonewall‐commissioned survey of LGBT+staff in health & social care settings. Data analysis: not described. Reporting comprised descriptive statistics & themed analysis. |
| 58 | Sutter et al. (2020) | USA | Oncologists’ experiences of caring for LGBTQ cancer patients. | Questionnaire completed by 149 oncologists. Open ended questions, free‐text answers. Data analysis: qualitative ‐ inductive content analysis & 'constant comparison' method. |
| 59 | Swank and Raiz (2010) | USA | Social work students’ attitudes toward lesbian & gay individuals. | Questionnaire completed by 575 "completely heterosexual" students at 12 institutions. Data analysis: quantitative ‐ descriptive & complex statistical analysis. |
| 60 | Szél et al. (2020) | Hungary | Medical students' knowledge about 'homosexuality’ and attitudes toward LGBTQ people. | Questionnaire completed by 568 medical students. Data analysis: quantitative ‐ descriptive & complex statistical analysis. |
| 61 | Unlu et al. (2016) | Turkey | Nursing students’ attitudes re gay men & lesbians | Questionnaire completed by 964 nursing students. Data analysis: quantitative ‐ descriptive & complex statistical analysis. |
| 62 | Vinjamuri (2017) | USA | Social work students’ experiences of semester‐long course on social work with LGBT individuals & families. | Externally facilitated focus groups (13 participants). Recorded & transcribed data were analysed using grounded theory. |
| 63 | Wahlen et al. (2020) | Switzerland | Medical students’ attitudes towards/knowledge re. LGBT people and impact of training event. | Pre‐/post‐test surveys of 96 students who attended a lecture on sexual orientation & gender identity health issues. Data analysis: quantitative ‐ descriptive & complex statistical analysis. |
| 64 | Wang et al. (2020) | Taiwan | Nurses’ attitudes toward & knowledge about sexual minorities and providing them with care. | Questionnaire completed by 323 Taiwanese nurses. Data analysis: quantitative ‐ descriptive & complex statistical analysis. |
| 65 | Westwood (2017) | 4 countries | How older lesbian, gay, & bisexual (LGB) people engage with religion in later life. | Data subset of interviews with 60 UK LGB older people & 20 activists in Canada, USA, Australia & UK. Data analysis: thematic (Braun & Clarke, 2006). |
| 66 |
Willis et al. (2018) [Same dataset, Hafford‐Letchfield et al. (2018)] |
UK | LGBT+action research project with six care homes for older people to assess & develop services. | Evaluation, via telephone interviews, of action‐research intervention conducted by Data analysis: qualitative, methodology, not described. |
| 67 | Willis et al. (2017) | UK | Gauge the views, attitudes & knowledge levels of care & nursing staff, in relation to LGBT people. | Mixed methods: (1) Questionnaire 121 staff; 9 focus groups (practitioner/ policy stakeholders). Data analysis: questionnaire = quantitative ‐ descriptive & complex statistical analysis.; focus groups = qualitative ‐ themed analysis (type(s) not specified). |
| 68 | Wilson et al. (2014) | USA | Professional, demographic & training characteristics & health professions student attitudes toward LGBT patients. | Questionnaire completed by 475 healthcare students (mental health, medicine, nursing, dentistry, allied health sciences, e.g., dental hygiene, occupational therapy, physical therapy, & physician assistant). Data analysis: quantitative ‐ descriptive & complex statistical analysis. |
| 69 | Woodford et al. (2021) | USA | Association between social work students’ LGB attitudes, religious teaching, own beliefs & religiosity. | Questionnaire completed by 253 incoming MSW students. Data analysis: quantitative ‐ descriptive & complex statistical analysis. |
| 70 | Woodford et al. (2013) | USA | Social work faculty's attitudes towards LGBT+people & associated sociodemographic factors. | Questionnaire completed by 161 social work faculty. Data analysis: quantitative ‐ descriptive & complex statistical analysis. |