Table 2.
Study cohort characteristics
| Overall (N = 115) | Bedside (N = 35) | Cath Lab (N = 80) | p‐value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline clinical characteristics | ||||
| Age (years) | 69.4 (12.8) | 69.1 (10.5) | 69.5 (13.7) | 0.881 |
| Female sex | 27 (23.5%) | 10 (28.6%) | 17 (21.2%) | 0.394 |
| History of HF | 53 (46.1%) | 23 (65.7%) | 30 (37.5%) | 0.005* |
| Hypertension | 71 (61.7%) | 22 (62.9%) | 49 (61.2%) | 0.870 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 41 (35.7%) | 13 (37.1%) | 28 (35.0%) | 0.825 |
| History of CKD (eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2) | 44 (38.8%) | 20 (57.1%) | 24 (30.0%) | 0.006* |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 51.6 (30.8%) | 39.3 (29.6) | 57.0 (29.9) | 0.005* |
| Peripheral artery disease | 27 (23.5%) | 7 (20.0%) | 20 (25.0%) | 0.561 |
| Previous stroke/TIA | 12 (10.4%) | 3 (8.6%) | 9 (11.2%) | 0.665 |
| CAD | 71 (61.7%) | 20 (57.1%) | 51 (63.8%) | 0.502 |
| Previous MI | 28 (24.3%) | 12 (34.3%) | 16 (20.0%) | 0.100 |
| Previous PCI | 34 (29.6%) | 12 (34.3%) | 22 (27.5%) | 0.463 |
| Previous CABG | 6 (5.2%) | 2 (5.7%) | 4 (5.0%) | 0.874 |
| Clinical presentation | ||||
| CS Etiology | <0.001* | |||
| ACS | 64 (55.7%) | 11 (31.4%) | 53 (66.2%) | |
| ADHF | 51 (44.3%) | 24 (68.6%) | 27 (33.8%) | |
| SCAI CS stage | 0.031* | |||
| B | 56 (48.7%) | 10 (28.6%) | 46 (57.5%) | |
| C | 52 (45.2%) | 22 (62.9%) | 30 (37.5%) | |
| D | 7 (6.1%) | 3 (8.6%) | 4 (5.0%) | |
| Acute pulmonary edema | 32 (27.8%) | 12 (34.3%) | 20 (25.0%) | 0.307 |
| Systolic arterial pressure (mmHg) | 114.3 (25.9) | 102.3 (22.1) | 119.7 (25.6) | 0.002* |
| Diastolic arterial pressure (mmHg) | 61.5 (15.6) | 59.1 (12.7) | 62.5 (16.7) | 0.329 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 90.1 (22.8) | 95.5 (23.0) | 87.7 (22.5) | 0.114 |
| SpO2 (%) | 97.6 (3.9) | 96.8 (4.5) | 97.9 (3.5) | 0.187 |
| Echocardiographic characteristics | ||||
| LVEF (%) | 25.6 (9.6) | 21.4 (8.4) | 27.5 (9.6) | 0.002* |
| Severe MR | 26 (22.6%) | 14 (40.0%) | 12 (15.0%) | 0.003* |
| Significant RV failure | 39 (33.9%) | 21 (60.0%) | 18 (22.5%) | <0.001* |
| Estimated sPAP (mmHg) | 44.6 (26.2) | 49.1 (19.0) | 42.5 (28.8) | 0.260 |
| Severe TR | 15 (13.0%) | 9 (25.7%) | 6 (7.5%) | 0.008* |
| Estimated CVP (mmHg) | 10.2 (5.8) | 12.0 (6.3%) | 9.3 (5.4) | 0.032* |
| Laboratory findings | ||||
| Serum lactate (mmol/L) | 4.2 (3.6) | 5.1 (3.1) | 3.8 (3.8) | 0.119 |
| Creatinine (mg/dl) | 2.0 (1.6) | 2.4 (1.7) | 1.8 (1.6) | 0.089 |
| INR | 1.5 (0.8) | 1.8 (1.0) | 1.4 (0.6) | 0.056 |
| Plt (*103/ml) | 220.3 (79.3) | 205.5 (90.0) | 227.2 (73.4) | 0.181 |
| Hb (g/dl) | 12.8 (2.3) | 11.9 (2.0) | 13.2 (2.3) | 0.007* |
| Management | ||||
| Inotropes use | 191 (87.8%) | 25 (100%) | 66 (82.5%) | 0.008* |
| Vasopressors use | 66/104 (63.5%) | 24/32 (75.0%) | 42/72 (58.3%) | 0.103 |
| Invasive mechanical ventilation | 72 (62.6%) | 23 (65.7%) | 49 (61.2%) | 0.649 |
Abbreviations: ACS, acute coronary syndrome; ADHF, acute decompensated heart failure; CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; CAD, coronary artery disease; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CS, cardiogenic shock; CVP, central venous pressure; HF, heart failure; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; MI, myocardial infarction; MR, mitral regurgitation; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; RV, right ventricle; SCAI, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions; sPAP, systolic pulmonary artery pressure; SpO2, peripheral oxygen saturation; TR, tricuspid regurgitation; Categorial variables are expressed as count and proportions, continuous variable as means (standard deviations). *Significant at the 0.05 level.