Table 1.
Cohort characteristics, bacterial meningitis, Sweden 1965–2014
| Characteristic | Haemophilus influenzae, n = 2773, n (%) | Streptococcus pneumoniae, n = 3708, n (%) | Neisseria meningitidis, n = 1935, n (%) | Non‐pneumococcal streptococci, n = 903, n (%) | Gram‐negatives, n = 143, n (%) | Listeria monocytogenes, n = 349, n (%) | Staphylococcus spp., n = 920, n (%) | Polymicrobial, n = 40, n (%) | Bacterial meningitis, n = 10,771, n (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age 0–4 years | 2172 (78) | 669 (18) | 508 (26) | 365 (40) | 51 (36) | 15 (4) | 74 (8) | 5 (12) | 3859 (36) |
| Neonatal | 17 (1) | 12 (0) | 3 (0) | 221 (24) | 34 (24) | 4 (1) | 12 (1) | 0 (0) | 303 (3) |
| Non‐neonatal | 2155 (78) | 657 (18) | 505 (26) | 144 (16) | 17 (12) | 11 (3) | 62 (7) | 5 (12) | 3556 (33) |
| Age 5–17 years | 162 (6) | 204 (6) | 553 (29) | 45 (5) | 5 (3) | 11 (3) | 35 (4) | 3 (8) | 1018 (9) |
| Age 18–64 years | 285 (10) | 1639 (44) | 768 (40) | 272 (30) | 47 (33) | 115 (33) | 510 (55) | 25 (62) | 3661 (34) |
| Age 65 years or older | 154 (6) | 1196 (32) | 106 (5) | 221 (24) | 40 (28) | 208 (60) | 301 (33) | 7 (18) | 2233 (21) |
| Male gender | 1367 (49) | 1737 (47) | 907 (47) | 444 (49) | 55 (38) | 152 (44) | 421 (46) | 15 (38) | 5098 (47) |
| Community‐acquired BM | 2679 (97) | 3341 (90) | 1837 (95) | 568 (63) | 66 (46) | 241 (69) | 448 (49) | 31 (78) | 9211 (86) |
| Healthcare‐associated BM | 94 (3) | 367 (10) | 98 (5) | 335 (37) | 77 (54) | 108 (31) | 472 (51) | 9 (22) | 1560 (14) |
| Healthcare‐facility acquired a | 74 (3) | 287 (8) | 85 (4) | 282 (31) | 52 (36) | 100 (29) | 183 (20) | 6 (15) | 1069 (10) |
| Nursing‐home acquired | 5 (0) | 17 (0) | 3 (0) | 7 (1) | 1 (1) | 5 (1) | 6 (1) | 0 (0) | 44 (0) |
| Hospital acquired | 69 (2) | 270 (7) | 82 (4) | 275 (30) | 51 (36) | 95 (27) | 177 (19) | 6 (15) | 1025 (10) |
| Post‐neurosurgical | 20 (1) | 80 (2) | 13 (1) | 53 (6) | 25 (17) | 8 (2) | 289 (31) | 3 (8) | 491 (5) |
| No indwelling device present | 12 (0) | 55 (1) | 12 (1) | 40 (4) | 12 (8) | 5 (1) | 203 (22) | 3 (8) | 342 (3) |
| Indwelling device present | 8 (0) | 25 (1) | 1 (0) | 13 (1) | 13 (9) | 3 (1) | 86 (9) | 0 (0) | 149 (1) |
| Intracranial shunt | 7 (0) | 19 (1) | 1 (0) | 13 (1) | 13 (9) | 3 (1) | 85 (9) | 0 (0) | 141 (1) |
| Intracranial electrode | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (0) |
| Cochlear implant | 1 (0) | 7 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 8 (0) |
| Premorbid conditions | 145 (5) | 889 (24) | 132 (7) | 220 (24) | 65 (45) | 203 (58) | 488 (53) | 15 (38) | 2157 (20) |
| Primary immune deficiency | 5 (0) | 22 (1) | 6 (0) | 4 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (0) | 1 (2) | 40 (0) |
| Rheumatic disease | 12 (0) | 96 (3) | 17 (1) | 16 (2) | 7 (5) | 48 (14) | 44 (5) | 1 (2) | 241 (2) |
| Malignant neoplasia b | 35 (1) | 277 (7) | 20 (1) | 65 (7) | 22 (15) | 85 (24) | 131 (14) | 6 (15) | 641 (6) |
| Haematological | 17 (1) | 120 (3) | 4 (0) | 18 (2) | 4 (3) | 53 (15) | 22 (2) | 4 (10) | 242 (2) |
| Lymphoma | 4 (0) | 36 (1) | 2 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (1) | 13 (4) | 11 (1) | 2 (5) | 69 (1) |
| Leukaemia | 4 (0) | 42 (1) | 2 (0) | 11 (1) | 3 (2) | 28 (8) | 9 (1) | 2 (5) | 101 (1) |
| Plasma‐cell neoplasia | 10 (0) | 48 (1) | 0 (0) | 8 (1) | 0 (0) | 18 (5) | 4 (0) | 0 (0) | 88 (1) |
| Other malignant neoplasia | 25 (1) | 231 (6) | 20 (1) | 58 (6) | 22 (15) | 73 (21) | 127 (14) | 6 (15) | 562 (5) |
| Lesions of the CNS c | 50 (2) | 216 (6) | 17 (1) | 53 (6) | 31 (22) | 25 (7) | 257 (28) | 3 (8) | 652 (6) |
| Parenchymal tumour d | 7 (0) | 14 (0) | 1 (0) | 12 (1) | 12 (8) | 1 (0) | 80 (9) | 0 (0) | 127 (1) |
| Meningeal tumour d | 4 (0) | 14 (0) | 2 (0) | 4 (0) | 3 (2) | 1 (0) | 22 (2) | 0 (0) | 50 (0) |
| Ischaemic CVL | 9 (0) | 59 (2) | 4 (0) | 11 (1) | 10 (7) | 20 (6) | 51 (6) | 0 (0) | 164 (2) |
| Haemorrhagic CVL | 11 (0) | 23 (1) | 3 (0) | 20 (2) | 6 (4) | 1 (0) | 115 (12) | 1 (2) | 180 (2) |
| Traumatic parameningeal bleed | 6 (0) | 33 (1) | 4 (0) | 8 (1) | 4 (3) | 5 (1) | 34 (4) | 2 (5) | 96 (1) |
| Basilar skull fracture | 11 (0) | 65 (2) | 5 (0) | 6 (1) | 1 (1) | 3 (1) | 16 (2) | 1 (2) | 108 (1) |
| Complicated skull fracture | 6 (0) | 37 (1) | 2 (0) | 2 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 4 (0) | 0 (0) | 51 (0) |
| Other Charlson comorbidity | 75 (3) | 469 (13) | 92 (5) | 125 (14) | 39 (27) | 115 (33) | 235 (26) | 8 (20) | 1158 (11) |
| Steroid pretreatment e | 8 (0) | 38 (1) | 3 (0) | 18 (2) | 7 (5) | 40 (11) | 31 (3) | 1 (2) | 146 (1) |
Abbreviations: BM, bacterial meningitis; CNS, central nervous system; CVL, cerebrovascular lesion.
a
Also known as nosokomial infections.
b
Including malignant parenchymal and meningeal tumour of the central nervous system.
c
Premorbid traumatic, neoplastic and cerebrovascular lesions of the central nervous system (post‐neurosurgical episodes are reported under health‐care associated episodes).
d
Including malignant and benign tumour forms.
e
Pharmacological data available from July 2005, thus percentages are based on the number of episodes per pathogen from the year 2005 to the year 2014.