Table 3.
Association of handgrip strength weakness and asymmetry together on cardiovascular outcomes in elderly outpatients
| Normal and symmetric HGS (n = 127) | HGS weakness or asymmetry only (n = 159) | HGS weakness and asymmetry (n = 78) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | P‐value | HR (95% CI) | P‐value | HR (95% CI) | P‐value | |
| MACE | ||||||
| Model 1 | 1 (control) | – | 3.21 (1.07–9.68) | 0.038 | 7.56 (2.53–22.63) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 | 1 (control) | – | 2.86 (0.95–8.67) | 0.063 | 4.74 (1.49–15.05) | 0.008 |
| Model 3 | 1 (control) | – | 3.18 (0.99–10.17) | 0.051 | 5.23 (1.56–17.54) | 0.007 |
| Composite end‐points | ||||||
| Model 1 | 1 (control) | – | 2.31 (0.97–5.49) | 0.059 | 6.46 (2.78–15.00) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 | 1 (control) | – | 2.02 (0.85–4.83) | 0.114 | 3.93 (1.60–9.61) | 0.003 |
| Model 3 | 1 (control) | – | 1.94 (0.77–4.88) | 0.157 | 4.00 (1.56–10.28) | 0.004 |
HGS, handgrip strength; MACE, major adverse cardiovascular event (a composite of cardiac death, acute myocardial infarction, hospitalization for unstable angina, hospitalization for congestive heart failure, and acute stroke). Composite end‐points: a composite of all‐cause mortality, acute myocardial infarction, hospitalization for unstable angina, hospitalization for congestive heart failure, and acute stroke. Model 1: unadjusted. Model 2: adjusted for age and sex. Model 3: adjusted as Model 2 with body mass index, smoking, drinking, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, heart failure and coronary heart disease.