Table 2. Differences in gray matter structure by group at 16 years.

Regions with significant differences in cortical thickness at 16 years of age among children exposed to institutionalization relative to community control subjects, for those in care as usual compared to those randomized to foster care intervention, and for those within the foster care. Surface area was not significantly different between participants in care as usual compared to those randomized to foster care intervention

Area	Cluster size	z value of max vertex	P value of cluster	Approximate coordinates of max vertex in MNI space
	(mm2)	z	P	x	y	z
Ever (n = 81) versus never-institutionalized (n = 33; thickness)
L inf temporal cortex	2447	4.75	>0.001	−47.1	−9.2	−39.8
L sup frontal cortex	2961	3.31	>0.001	−7.4	37.3	28.5
R sup frontal cortex	1409	4.47	0.02	10.2	23.1	57.1
R inf frontal cortex	1430	3.50	0.02	39.6	11.9	21.7
Ever (n = 81) versus never-institutionalized (n = 33; area)
L postcentral gyrus	2702	5.09	0.008	−46.6	−12.6	18.1
L sup frontal cortex	6046	4.82	>0.001	−12.7	16.1	35.9
L fusiform gyrus	9667	4.60	>0.001	−36.3	−25.5	−21.6
R precentral gyrus	11,717	4.92	>0.001	53.1	0.1	36.8
R caudal ant cingulate	2574	4.11	0.01	10.6	22.1	28.4
Prolonged institutionalization (n = 40) > foster care (n = 41; thickness)
L caudal ant cingulate	1404	3.47	0.02	−12.7	26.2	25.0
L inf frontal cortex	1595	2.64	0.009	−30.9	14.8	2.6
After 24 months (n = 20) > before 24 months (n = 21; thickness)
L mid frontal gyrus	1654	−4.07	0.003	−40.4	22.1	38.5