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. 2022 May 25;24(8):3672–3692. doi: 10.1111/1462-2920.16008

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© 2022 The Authors. Environmental Microbiology published by Society for Applied Microbiology and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

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Fig. 1 — The L. pneumophila Lqs‐LvbR regulatory network. The Lqs (Legionella quorum sensing) system produces, detects and responds to the small signalling molecule LAI‐1 (Legionella autoinducer‐1, 3‐hydroxypentadecane‐4‐one). The system comprises the autoinducer synthase LqsA, the cognate membrane‐bound sensor kinases LqsS and LqsT, and the prototypic response regulator LqsR. LqsS negatively regulates the expression of lvbR, encoding the transcription factor LvbR (Legionella virulence and biofilm regulator). In turn, LvbR negatively regulates the expression of hnox1, encoding the NO sensor Hnox1, to control the diguanylate cyclase Lpg1057, c‐di‐GMP levels and biofilm architecture. The Lqs‐LvbR network regulates bacterial growth phase switch and motility (flagellin, FlaA), amoeba migration in biofilms and bacterial cluster formation on amoebae, virulence, competence and extracellular filaments, as well as the expression of genes on a 133 kb genomic island, including lvbR.