TABLE 2.
Descriptive results for the overall sample are stratified for units with average use of physical restraints and for units with above‐average use of physical restraints
| Overall sample values | Units with average or under average use of physical restraint | Units with above‐average use of physical restraint | SMD | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Facilities (n = 86) | ||||
| Ownership status, public, % | 50.0 (43) | N/A | N/A | |
| Units (n = 287 units) a | ||||
| FTE/100 beds, mean a ± SD | 49.1 (15.8) | 49.4 (15.8) | 45.3 (15.5) | |
| Unit size | ||||
| Small (up to 20 beds), % (n) | 28.6 (82) | 29.8 (79) | 13.6 (3) | |
| Medium (21–30 beds), % (n) | 48.1 (138) | 47.5 (126) | 54.5 (12) | |
| Large (31 beds and more), % (n) | 23.3 (67) | 22.6 (60) | 31.8 (7) | |
| Unit offers dementia‐focused services, % yes (n) | 72.8 (209) | 72.1 (191) | 81.8 (18) | |
| Unit leaders (n = 265 units) a | ||||
| Use of surveillance technologies, % yes (n) | ||||
| Unit uses pressure‐sensitive detection mats | 93.6 (248) | 94.3 (232) | 84.2 (16) | |
| Unit uses electronic bracelets | 67.5 (179) | 68.7 (169) | 52.6 (10) | |
| Unit uses electronic system to control the ability to open doors | 30.6 (81) | 31.3 (77) | 21.0 (4) | |
| Unit uses cameras | 5.7 (15) | 5.7 (14) | 5.3 (1) | |
| Staff (n = 291 units) a | ||||
| Appropriateness of physical restraint use (MAQ, range: 1–5), mean ± SD | 4.1 (0.34) | 4.1 (0.35) | 3.9 (0.27) | 0.54 |
| Item A c : My ward/unit uses physical restraints far too often, mean ± SD | 3.9 (0.47) | 4.0 (0.46) | 3.6 (0.42) | 0.80 |
| Item B: If we use physical restraints, it is always necessary, mean ± SD | 4.0 (0.41) | 4.0 (0.42) | 3.9 (0.31) | 0.22 |
| Item C c : Physical restraints are used too quickly, mean ± SD | 3.9 (0.39) | 3.9 (0.44) | 3.7 (0.35) | 0.53 |
| Item D c : Physical restraints are applied as a result of convenience of nursing staff, mean ± SD | 4.4 (0.39) | 4.4 (0.39) | 4.4 (0.33) | 0.10 |
| Residents (n = 6,149) b | ||||
| Gender, female, % (n) | 70.6 (4341) | 71.1 (3900) | 66.4 (441) | |
| Age in years, mean ± SD | 84.8 (10.0) | 85.1 (9.3) | 81.8 (14.3) | |
| Care level, 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 mean ± SD | 5.8 (2.7) | 5.8 (2.7) | 6.2 (2.7) | |
| CPS score, 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 mean ± SD | 2.5 (1.6) | 2.5 (1.6) | 2.6 (1.7) | |
| Physically restrained, % (n) | 11.1 (682) | 8.8 | 29.7 | |
| Physically restrained by bedrails, % (n) | 10.9 (642) | 8.7 | 29.1 | |
| Physically restrained by trunk fixation/seating option, % (n) | 2.4 (149) | 1.8 | 7.8 | |
Abbreviations: CPS, Cognitive Performance Scale; FTE, Full‐time equivalent; MAQ, Maastricht Attitude Questionnaire; SMD, Standardized mean difference.
Total number of units with residents with quality indicator information in the overall sample: 292. The group of units with average use of physical restraints consists of n = 268; the group of units with above‐average use of physical restraints consist of n = 24. We did not receive unit information for 5 units (questionnaires not sent back); unit leaders: we did not receive unit leaders information for 27 units (questionnaires not sent back); staff: we did not receive any information from 1 unit (no questionnaires were sent back).
Missing values for the use of bedrails were of 4.6% (n = 284).
These variables have been recoded according to the MAQ manual.