TABLE 3.
Unadjusted and adjusted multilevel logistic regression model to identify factors significantly associated with physical restraint use at resident level
| Unadjusted, n = 5,682 a | Adjusted, n = 5,682 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | p‐value | OR | 95% CI | p‐value | |
| Facilities | ||||||
| Ownership status: private b | 1.95 | 1.14–3.36 | 0.015 | |||
| Units | ||||||
| Unit size: medium c | 1.12 | 0.77–1.62 | 0.560 | 0.94 | 0.60–1.47 | 0.777 |
| Unit size: large c | 0.66 | 0.41–1.04 | 0.073 | 0.58 | 0.33–1.02 | 0.058 |
| FTE/100 beds d | 1.02 | 1.00–1.03 | 0.006 | 0.98 | 0.97–1.00 | 0.024 |
| Unit offers dementia‐focus services | 1.80 | 1.30–2.51 | <0.001 | 1.20 | 0.80–1.78 | 0.378 |
| Unit uses pressure‐sensitive detection mat | 1.74 | 0.88–3.45 | 0.111 | 1.71 | 0.76–3.84 | 0.192 |
| Unit uses electronic bracelets | 0.99 | 0.72–1.35 | 0.930 | 1.04 | 0.71–1.52 | 0.851 |
| Unit uses electronic system to control the ability to open doors | 0.97 | 0.73–1.29 | 0.826 | 0.94 | 0.67–1.33 | 0.733 |
| Unit uses cameras | 1.29 | 0.70–2.39 | 0.417 | 0.92 | 0.44–1.92 | 0.815 |
| Staff | ||||||
| Opinions on appropriateness of restraint use from staff (MAQ) | 0.54 | 0.35–0.82 | 0.004 | 0.48 | 0.29–0.80 | 0.005 |
| Residents | ||||||
| Care level b | 2.05 | 1.91–2.20 | <0.001 | |||
| CPS b | 1.67 | 1.53–1.83 | <0.001 | |||
| AIC | 3533.9 | 2352.1 | ||||
Abbreviations: OR, Odds ratio; CI, Confidence interval; FTE, Full‐time equivalent; MAQ, Maastricht Attitudes Questionnaire; CPS, Cognitive Performance Scale; AIC, Akaike's information criterion.
a
The model included 262 units from 85 nursing homes.
b
Given the inclusion of 12 variables, n = 5,682 had complete cases and a total n of 467 (7.6%) residents were excluded. Significant factors in the table are in bold.
c
Unit size: small ≤20 beds; medium 21–30 beds; large: ≥31 beds.
d
The upper bound for the adjusted model is 0.9991.