Table 1.
Life cycle stage | Extract/compound | Compound type | Structure | Virus | Target | EC50/inhibition (%) | CC50/inhibition (%) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Attachment/Fusion | BanLec | Lectin |
PDB ID: 7KMU (Coves‐Datson et al. 2021; Meagher and Stuckey 2021)
|
HIV | Surface glycoprotein high mannose type glycans | 0·48–2·06 nmol l−1 | – | Swanson et al. (2010, 2015) |
HCV | Surface glycoprotein high mannose type glycans | 9·5–20·8 nmol l−1 | – | Swanson et al. (2015) | ||||
IAV | Surface glycoprotein high mannose type glycans | 0·06–11 µg ml−1 | – | Swanson et al. (2015) | ||||
H84T BanLec | Lectin | HIV | Surface glycoprotein high mannose type glycans | 0·33–4·10 nmol l−1 | – | Swanson et al. (2015) | ||
Betulinic acid | Triterpenoid | HCV | – | 4·2%, 1 µmol l−1 | ~75%, 50 µmol l−1 | Xiao et al. (2014) | ||
β‐cyclodextrin‐betulinic acid conjugates | Triterpenoid | HCV | – | 37·1–88·2%, 1 µmol l−1 | ~15–85%, 50 µmol l−1 | Xiao et al. (2014) | ||
Betulinic acid derivatives | Triterpenoid | HIV | gp120 | 0·31 to >40 µmol l−1 | – | Sun et al. (2002) | ||
Echinocystic acid | Triterpenoid | HCV | HCV envelope glycoprotein 2 | 90%, 10 µmol l−1 | >50 µmol l−1 | Yu et al. (2013) | ||
HCV | HCV envelope glycoprotein 2 | 27·5%, 1 µmol l−1 | 0%, 50 µmol l−1 | Xiao et al. (2014) | ||||
β‐cyclodextrin‐echinocystic acid conjugates | Triterpenoid | HCV | – | −4·0 to 86·5%, 1 µmol l−1 | ~1–90%, 50 µmol l−1 | Xiao et al. (2014) | ||
Echinocystic acid‐galactose conjugate | Triterpenoid | IAV | HA | 5 µmol l−1 | >200 µmol l−1 | Yu et al. (2014) | ||
Fortunella margarita EO | – | * | IAV | – | 6·77 µg ml−1 | 239·54 µg ml−1 | Ibrahim et al. (2015) | |
Griffithsin | Lectin |
PDB ID: 2GTY (Ziolkowska and Wlodawer 2006; Ziolkowska et al. 2006)
|
HIV | Surface glycoprotein high mannose type glycans | 0·023–0·21 nmol l−1 | >500 nmol l−1 | Emau et al. (2007) | |
MERS‐CoV | Surface glycoprotein high mannose type glycans | 44·7–63·2%, 0·125 µg ml−1 | >2 µg ml−1 | Millet et al. (2016) | ||||
SARS‐CoV | Surface glycoprotein high mannose type glycans | 0·61–1·19 µg ml−1 | >100 µg ml−1 | O’Keefe et al. (2010) | ||||
Isorhamnetin | Flavonoid | SARS‐CoV‐2 | ACE2 | 47·7%, 50 µmol l−1 | >200 µmol l−1 | Zhan et al. (2021) | ||
Oleanolic acid | Triterpenoid | HCV | HCV envelope glycoprotein 2 | 60%, 10 µmol l−1 | >50 µmol l−1 | Yu et al. (2013) | ||
HCV | HCV envelope glycoprotein 2 | 22·4%, 1 µmol l−1 | ~5%, 50 µmol l−1 | Xiao et al. (2014) | ||||
β‐cyclodextrin‐ oleanolic acid conjugates | Triterpenoid | HCV | – | 25·2–82·7%, 1 µmol l−1 | ~0–90%, 50 µmol l−1 | Xiao et al. (2014) | ||
Quercetin | Flavonoid | IAV | HA2 subunit | 1·93–7·76 µg ml−1 | >250 µg ml−1 | Wu et al. (2015) | ||
Ursolic acid | Triterpenoid | HCV | – | 13·8%, 1 µmol l−1 | ~90%, 50 µmol l−1 | Xiao et al. (2014) | ||
β‐cyclodextrin‐ursolic acid acid conjugates | Triterpenoid | HCV | – | 13·6–62·6%, 1 µmol l−1 | ~1–90%, 50 µmol l−1 | Xiao et al. (2014) | ||
Uncoating | Meliacine | Cyclic peptide | Cyclic peptide with aliphatic amino acids, MW 2·2–2·3 kDa | Foot and mouth disease virus | Lysosome acidification | 0·5 µg ml−1 | >100 µg ml−1 | Wachsman et al. (1998) |
Tea tree EO | – | * | IAV | Lysosome acidification | 0·0006% (v/v) | 0·025% (v/v) | Garozzo et al. (2011) | |
Terpinen‐4‐ol | Monoterpenoid | IAV | Lysosome acidification | 0·002% (v/v) | – | Garozzo et al. (2011) | ||
Polyprotein processing | Caffeic acid | Hydroxycinnamic Acid | HIV | HIV Protease | 90·2%, 1 mg ml−1 | – | Wang et al. (2019) | |
Ethyl caffeate | Hydroxycinnamic Acid | HIV | HIV Protease | 100%, 1 mg ml−1 | – | Wang et al. (2019) | ||
Isovanillin | Phenolic Aldehyde | HIV | HIV Protease | 61·2%, 1 mg ml−1 | – | Wang et al. (2019) | ||
Corilagin | Polyphenol | HCV | NS3 protease | 13·59 µmol l−1 | 96·65 µmol l−1 | Liu et al. (2012) | ||
Excoecariphenol D | Polyphenol | HCV | NS3 protease | 12·61 µmol l−1 | 56·25 µmol l−1 | Li et al. (2012) | ||
Shuanghuanglian | – | * | SARS‐CoV‐2 | 3CLPro | 0·93–1·20 µl ml−1 | >12·50 µl ml−1 | Su et al. (2020) | |
Baicalin | Flavonoid | SARS‐CoV‐2 | 3CLPro | 27·87 µmol l−1 | >200 µmol l−1 | Su et al. (2020) | ||
Baicalein | Flavonoid | SARS‐CoV‐2 | 3CLPro | 2·94 µmol l−1 | >200 µmol l−1 | Su et al. (2020) | ||
Apigenin | Flavonoid | HCV | RdRp NS5B | 50 µmol l−1 | 75%, 100 µmol l−1 | Manvar et al. (2012) | ||
RNA Replication | Calanolide A | Coumarin | HIV | RT | 0·08–0·50 µmol l−1 | 7·3‐>10·0 µmol l−1 | Buckheit et al. (1999) | |
Eclipra alba aqueous extract | – | * | HCV | RdRp NS5B | 95%, 130 µg ml−1 | 40%, 100 µg ml−1 | Manvar et al. (2012) | |
Wedelolactone | Coumestan | HCV | RdRp NS5B | 80%, 50 µmol ml−1 | 79%, 100 µmol l−1 | Manvar et al. (2012) | ||
Luteolin | Flavonoid | HCV | RdRp NS5B | 50 µmol l−1 | 88%, 100 µmol l−1 | Manvar et al. (2012) | ||
Green tea extract | – | * | SARS‐CoV‐2 | NSp15 endo‐ribonuclease | 0·24 µg ml−1 | – | Hong et al. (2021) | |
Epigallocatechin gallate | Polyphenol | SARS‐CoV‐2 | NSp15 endo‐ribonuclease | 0·092 µg ml−1 | – | Hong et al. (2021) | ||
Protein Synthesis | Aeginetia indica aqueous extract | – | * | HCV | NS5A phosphorylation | 90%, 8 mg ml−1 | 14 mg ml−1 | Lin et al. (2018) |
Camptothecin | Alkaloid | Echovirus 71 | Topoisomerase 1 | 90%, 10 µmol l−1 | >100 µmol l−1 | Wu and Chu (2017) | ||
Castanospermine | Iminosugar | Zika virus | α‐glucosidases | ~60–90%, 1 µmol l−1 | >100 μmol l−1 | Bhushan et al. (2020) | ||
Curcumin | Polyphenol | EV71 | Protein kinase Cδ | ~50%, 10 µmol l−1 | 40–50%, 50 µmol l−1 | Huang et al. (2018) | ||
Celgosivir | Iminosugar | DENV | α‐glucosidases | 5·17 μmol l−1 | >100 μmol l−1 | Sayce et al. (2016) | ||
Zika virus | α‐glucosidases | ~44–97%, 1 µmol l−1 | >100 μmol l−1 | Bhushan et al. (2020) | ||||
Deoxy‐nojirimycin | Iminosugar | Zika virus | α‐glucosidases | ~50–99%, 1 µmol l−1 | >100 μmol l−1 | Bhushan et al. (2020) | ||
Luteolin | Flavonoid | Coxsackie A16 | – | 7·4 µmol l−1 | 148·02 µmol l−1 | Xu et al. (2014) | ||
EV71 | 10·31 µmol l−1 | 148·02 µmol l−1 | Xu et al. (2014) | |||||
Silvestrol | Flavagline | Ebola virus | eIF4a | 0·8 nmol l−1 | >10 nmol l−1 | Müller et al. (2018) | ||
Human coronavirus 229E | eIF4a | 3 nmol l−1 | >10 nmol l−1 | Müller et al. (2018) | ||||
MERS‐CoV | eIF4a | 1·3 nmol l−1 | >10 nmol l−1 | Müller et al. (2018) | ||||
Human rhinovirus A1 | eIF4a | 100 nmol l−1 | >10 nmol l−1 | Müller et al. (2018) | ||||
Poliovirus | eIF4a | 20 nmol l−1 | >10 nmol l−1 | Müller et al. (2018) | ||||
Zika virus | eIF4a | ~45%, 10 nmol l−1 | ~70%, 50 nmol l−1 | Elgner et al. (2018) | ||||
Assembly | Berberine | Alkaloid | IAV | MAPK/ERK pathway (ribo‐nucleoprotein export) | 52 μmol l−1 | 1035 μmol l−1 | Botwina et al. (2020) | |
Hemanthamine | Alkaloid | IAV | Ribo‐nucleoprotein export | 1·48 μmol l−1 | 50 μmol l−1 | He et al. (2013) | ||
Lycorine | Alkaloid | IAV | Ribo‐nucleoprotein export | <0·46 μmol l−1 | 20·9 μmol l−1 | He et al. (2013) | ||
Maturation | Bevirimat | Triterpenoid | HIV | Gag polyprotein | 0·065 μmol l−1 | >2 μmol l−1 | Zhao et al. (2021) | |
Luteolin | Flavonoid | DENV | Furin protease | 4·36–8·38 μmol l−1 | 45·89 μmol l−1 | Peng et al. (2017) |