Table 2.
Inhibition (IC50 or percentage inhibition) of target viral or host proteins by plant‐derived natural products. (– Not defined; *Extract contains mixture of compounds)
| Life cycle stage | Extract/compound | Compound type | Structure | Target | IC50/inhibition (%) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Attachment/Fusion | Geranium EO | – | * | ACE‐2 | 10·63%, 50 μg ml−1 | Senthil Kumar et al. (2020) |
| Lemon EO | – | * | ACE‐2 | 24·79%, 25 μg ml−1 | Senthil Kumar et al. (2020) | |
| Citronellol | Monoterpenoid |
|
ACE‐2 | 57·39%, 50 μmol ml−1 | Senthil Kumar et al. (2020) | |
| Geraniol | Monoterpenoid |
|
ACE‐2 | 42·00%, 50 μmol ml−1 | Senthil Kumar et al. (2020) | |
| Limonene | Monoterpene |
|
ACE‐2 | 28·22%, 50 μmol ml−1 | Senthil Kumar et al. (2020) | |
| Neryl acetate | Monoterpenoid |
|
ACE‐2 | 7·61%, 50 μmol ml−1 | Senthil Kumar et al. (2020) | |
| Quercetin | Flavonoid |
|
ACE2 | 4·48 μmol l−1 | Liu et al. (2020) | |
| Polyprotein Processing | Caffeic acid | Hydroxycinnamic acid |
|
HIV Protease | 1·5 μmol l−1 | Wang et al. (2019) |
| Ethyl Caffeate | Hydroxycinnamic acid |
|
HIV Protease | 1 μmol l−1 | Wang et al. (2019) | |
| Isovanillin | Phenolic aldehyde |
|
HIV Protease | 3·5 μmol l−1 | Wang et al. (2019) | |
| Corilagin | Polyphenol |
|
HCV NS3 Protease | 3·45 μmol l−1 | Li et al. (2012) | |
| Excoecariphenol D | Polyphenol |
|
HCV NS3 Protease | 6·93 μmol l−1 | Li et al. (2012) | |
| Shuanghuanglian | – | * | SARS‐CoV‐2 3CLPro | 0·01–0·09 μl ml−1 | Su et al. (2020) | |
| Baicalin | Flavonoid |
|
SARS‐CoV‐2 3CLPro | 6·41 μmol l−1 | Su et al. (2020) | |
| Baicalein | Flavonoid |
|
SARS‐CoV‐2 3CLPro | 0·94 μmol l−1 | Su et al. (2020) | |
| RNA replication | Eclipta alba aqueous extract | – | * | HCV NS5B | 11 μg ml−1 | Manvar et al. (2012) |
| Apigenin | Flavonoid |
|
HCV NS5B | 175·5 μg ml−1 | Manvar et al. (2012) | |
| Luteolin | Flavonoid |
|
HCV NS5B | 11·3 μg ml−1 | Manvar et al. (2012) | |
| Wedolactone | Coumestan |
|
HCV NS5B | 7·7 μg ml−1 | Manvar et al. (2012) | |
| Green tea extract | – | * | SARS‐CoV‐2 NSp15 | 2·54 μg ml−1 | Hong et al. (2021) | |
| Epigallocatechin gallate | Polyphenol |
|
SARS‐CoV‐2 NSp15 | 0·74 μg ml−1 | Hong et al. (2021) | |
| Peptide AIHIILI | Peptide | 7 amino acid peptide | HIV RT | 274 nmol l−1 | Seetaha et al. (2021) | |
| Peptide LIAVSTNIIFIVV | Peptide | 13 amino acid peptide | HIV RT | 236·4 nmol l−1 | Seetaha et al. (2021) |