TABLE 4.
Single‐moderator analyses—categorical moderators
| K | g | 95% CI | Q | p | I 2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Program characteristics | ||||||
| Instructor type | ||||||
| Teacher/school counselor | 9 | 0.26 | [0.05, 0.47] | 22.59 | .014 | 65% |
| Researcher | 11 | 0.62 | [0.38, 0.86] | 20.25 | .000 | 51% |
| Curriculum | ||||||
| Enright story‐based | 9 | 0.27 | [0.04, 0.49] | 26.04 | .020 | 69% |
| Enright process model‐based | 9 | 0.66 | [0.40, 0.92] | 9.60 | .000 | 17% |
| REACH model‐based | 2 | 0.29 | [−0.14, 0.72] | 3.71 | .188 | 73% |
| Participant characteristics | ||||||
| Academic divisions | ||||||
| 1–3 | 4 | 0.03 | [−0.25, 0.30] | 1.58 | .842 | 0% |
| 4–5 | 5 | 0.45 | [0.15, 0.75] | 11.50 | .003 | 65% |
| 6–8 | 8 | 0.58 | [0.37, 0.80] | 4.50 | .000 | 0% |
| 9–12 | 3 | 0.44 | [0.10, 0.78] | 10.02 | .011 | 80% |
| Income level | ||||||
| Disadvantaged | 11 | 0.34 | [0.13, 0.56] | 30.99 | .002 | 68% |
| Not disadvantaged | 9 | 0.48 | [0.26, 0.70] | 9.66 | .000 | 17% |
| Severity | ||||||
| Not stated | 5 | 0.49 | [0.22, 0.77] | 3.03 | .000 | 0% |
| Mild offense | 12 | 0.29 | [0.11, 0.47] | 29.57 | .001 | 63% |
| Severe offense | 3 | 1.21 | [0.65, 1.78] | 2.16 | .000 | 7% |
| World zones | ||||||
| East Asian | 5 | 0.65 | [0.36, 0.95] | 2.54 | .000 | 0% |
| European | 3 | 0.24 | [−0.10, 0.58] | 3.75 | .169 | 47% |
| Middle Eastern | 4 | 0.56 | [0.28, 0.83] | 3.91 | .000 | 23% |
| North American | 8 | 0.22 | [−0.02, 0.45] | 19.30 | .007 | 64% |
| Study characteristics | ||||||
| Comparison group | ||||||
| No‐Tx Control | 13 | 0.27 | [0.11, 0.43] | 25.77 | .001 | 53% |
| Placebo | 3 | 0.62 | [0.26, 0.99] | 1.80 | .001 | 0% |
| Alternative‐Tx Control | 4 | 0.98 | [0.57, 1.39] | 4.41 | .000 | 32% |
| Publication status | ||||||
| Published | 17 | 0.43 | [0.25, 0.60] | 39.88 | .000 | 60% |
| Unpublished | 3 | 0.36 | [−0. 05, 0.78] | 5.55 | .087 | 64% |
Univariate analyses used a mixed model (studies random, levels of moderator variables fixed); k = number of studies, Hedges’ g = effect size; C.I. = confidence interval; Q = homogeneity test; I2 = percentage of variance in effect sizes that is attributable to systematic variation.