TABLE 4.
Within‐person fluctuations in daily happiness as predictor of subjective and objective measures of sleep the same night
| Dependent variable | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Self‐reported sleep minutes | Self‐reported sleep/wake problems | Objective sleep minutes | Objective sleep efficiency | |
| Fixed effects | ||||
| b (SE), p | b (SE), p | b (SE), p | b (SE), p | |
| Intercept | 487.30 (6.50), p < .001 | 12.44 (0.18), p < .001 | 402.11 (4.87), p < .001 | 93.12 (0.44), p < .001 |
| Time | −4.09 (1.63), p = .012 | −0.09 (0.03), p = .003 | −1.11 (0.95), p = .24 | −0.01 (0.07), p = .87 |
| Weekend vs. weekday | 42.47 (7.41), p < .001 | −0.58 (0.15), p < .001 | 28.11 (4.73), p < .001 | −0.40 (0.33), p = .23 |
| Daily pain | −0.23 (8.58), p = .98 | 0.87 (0.23), p < .001 | −0.55 (6.50, p = .93 | −1.53 (0.54), p = .005 |
| Daily happinessPC (within‐person) | 2.57 (3.79), p = .50 | −0.87 (0.10), p < .001 | −4.56 (2.87), p = .11 | −0.48 (0.24), p = .045 |
| Averaged happiness (between‐person) | 1.33 (7.74), p = .86 | −1.71 (0.25), p < .001 | −2.52 (5.44), p = .64 | 0.04 (0.53), p = .94 |
| Sex | −12.60 (8.39), p = .13 | −0.49 (0.29), p = .088 | −22.54 (6.58), p = .001 | −1.60 (0.75), p = .033 |
| Race/ethnicity | 21.97 (8.79), p = .013 | −0.81 (0.33), p = .014 | −30.66 (7.46), p < .001 | −2.29 (0.85), p = .008 |
| Income‐to‐needs ratio | −3.37 (2.37), p = .16 | 0.04 (0.10), p = .66 | 3.03 (1.84), p = .10 | 0.60 (0.19), p = .002 |
| Random effects (Variance estimates) | ||||
| Level 2 (Between‐person) | ||||
| Intercept | 5815.07 | 3.20*** | 3356.17* | 35.70** |
| Time | 138.59 | 0.02* | 17.67** | 0.07 |
| Weekend | 6579.88*** | 2.39*** | 1812.27*** | 3.92 |
| Pain | 3066.23* | 1.32 | 741.36 | 6.72 |
| Positive mood | 99.06 | 0.44* | 58.99 | 1.75 |
*
p < .05
**
p < .01
***
p < .001.
Note: Results from models with robust standard errors reported. Bold indicates a significant within‐person or between‐person association between negative mood and sleep. PC, person centered. Weekend coded 0 = weekday, 1 = weekend; Pain coded 0 = no, 1 = yes; Sex coded 0 = female, 1 = male; Race/ethnicity coded 0 = White/European American, 1 = racial/ethnic minority.