TABLE 1.
Characteristics of study participants with and without cholecystectomy
| Total (n = 1612) | Without cholecystectomy (n = 1564) | With cholecystectomy (n = 48) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Years since cholecystectomy | NA | 11.2 ± 7.1 | ||
| Female, n (%) | 1031 (64.0) | 995 (63.6) | 36 (75.0) | 0.11 |
| Age, years | 52.3 ± 9.1 | 52.1 ± 9.2 | 56.1 ± 6.3 | <0.001 |
| Current smoking, n (%) | 264 (16.4) | 260 (16.6) | 4 (8.3) | 0.13 |
| Current drinking, n (%) | 397 (24.6) | 386 (24.7) | 11 (22.9) | 0.78 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 25.3 ± 3.5 | 25.3 ± 3.5 | 25.7 ± 3.2 | 0.47 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 85.3 ± 9.4 | 85.2 ± 9.4 | 86.2 ± 8.9 | 0.49 |
| SBP, mmHg | 132.9 ± 18.9 | 132.8 ± 18.9 | 137.2 ± 18.5 | 0.12 |
| DBP, mmHg | 81.2 ± 11.4 | 81.2 ± 11.4 | 81.2 ± 12.0 | 0.97 |
| FPG, mmol/L | 5.9 ± 1.1 | 5.9 ± 1.1 | 6.2 ± 1.1 | 0.06 |
| 2hPG, mmol/L a | 7.4 ± 2.5 | 7.4 ± 2.4 | 8.2 ± 2.7 | 0.03 |
| HbA1c, % (mmol/mol) | 5.5 ± 0.8 (36.6 ± 8.4) | 5.5 ± 0.8 (36.6 ± 8.4) | 5.6 ± 0.8 (37.3 ± 8.9) | 0.5 |
| TyG | 8.8 ± 0.7 | 8.8 ± 0.7 | 8.7 ± 0.7 | 0.74 |
| SPISE | 6.7 ± 1.8 | 6.7 ± 1.8 | 6.5 ± 1.9 | 0.39 |
| TC, mmol/L | 4.9 ± 0.9 | 4.9 ± 0.9 | 4.9 ± 0.9 | 0.68 |
| TG, mmol/L | 1.3 (0.9, 1.9) | 1.3 (0.9, 1.9) | 1.4 (0.9, 2.1) | 0.67 |
| HDL, mmol/L | 1.5 ± 0.4 | 1.5 ± 0.4 | 1.5 ± 0.4 | 0.93 |
| LDL, mmol/L | 2.7 ± 0.7 | 2.7 ± 0.7 | 2.7 ± 0.6 | 0.67 |
| BUN, mmol/L | 5.3 ± 1.4 | 5.3 ± 1.4 | 5.5 ± 1.5 | 0.28 |
| Cr, umol/L | 64.7 ± 15.7 | 64.7 ± 15.7 | 65.6 ± 15.3 | 0.69 |
| Glycaemic status, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Normoglycaemia | 899 (55.8) | 887 (56.7) | 12 (25.0) | <0.001 |
| Prediabetes | 544 (33.7) | 520 (33.2) | 24 (50.0) | 0.02 |
| Diabetes | 169 (10.5) | 157 (10.0) | 12 (25.0) | 0.001 |
| Glucose‐lowering therapies | ||||
| Baseline, n (%) | 52 (3.2) | 49 (3.1) | 3 (6.3) | 0.20 |
| Follow‐up, n (%) | 54 (3.3) | 52 (3.3) | 2 (4.2) | 0.67 |
Data are presented as means ± SD or median (25th percentile, 75th percentile) or number (%).
Unpaired Student's t‐test or Mann–Whitney U‐test for continuous data and chi‐squared test or Fisher's exact test for categorical data were used to compare parameters between two groups.
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; Cr, creatinine; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; HDL, high‐density lipoprotein; LDL, low‐density lipoprotein; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SPISE, single‐point insulin sensitivity estimator; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; TyG, triglyceride‐glucose index; 2hPG, 2‐hour plasma glucose.
2hPG was not measured in 54 participants at baseline due to previously confirmed diagnosis of diabetes (n = 49 in the subgroup without cholecystectomy, and n = 5 in the subgroup with cholecystectomy).