. 2022 Mar 1;23(8):895–910. doi: 10.1111/hiv.13273

TABLE 2.

Incidence of hypertension in all people living with HIV (ART naïve and ART experienced) (n = 4606)

Variable	Variable categories	Events/PY	IR/1000 PY (95% CI)	Crude IRR (95% CI)	p‐Value	Global p	Adjusted IRR (95% CI)	p‐Value	Global p
ART class	INSTIs	694/5441.7	127.5 (118.4–137.4)	INSTI vs NNRTI ^a : 1.38 (1.17–1.63)	<0.001	<0.001	INSTI vs. NNRTI ^a : 1.76 (1.47–2.11)	<0.001	<0.001
	INSTIs	694/5441.7	127.5 (118.4–137.4)	INSTI vs PIs ^b : 0.69 (0.58–0.81)	<0.001		INSTI vs PIs ^b : 1.07 (0.89–1.29)	0.460
	NNRTIs	180/1948.2	92.4 (79.8–106.9)
	PIs	184/990.4	185.8 (160.8–214.7)
Sex	Male	841/6119.0	137.4 (128.5–147.1)	1.43 (1.23–1.66)	<0.001	<0.001	1.11 (0.94–1.30)	0.217	0.217
Sex	Female	217/2261.4	96.0 (84.0–109.6)	Ref		<0.001	Ref		0.217
Race	White	72/601.4	119.7 (95.0–150.8)	Ref		<0.001	Ref		<0.001
	Black	807/5771.8	139.8 (130.5–149.8)	0.86 (0.67–1.09)	0.207		0.98 (0.76–1.25)	0.858
	Other ^c	179/2007.2	89.2 (77.0–103.2)	0.64 (0.54–0.75)	<0.001		0.63 (0.53–0.74)	<0.001
Treatment experience	Prior ART	497/4894.5	101.5 (93.0–110.9)	Ref		<0.001	Ref		0.001
Treatment experience	ART naïve	561/3485.8	160.9 (148.2–174.8)	1.58 (1.j–1.79)	<0.001	<0.001	1.44 (1.14–1.81)	0.002	0.001
Prior AIDS	Yes	195/1248.5	156.2 (135.7–179.7)	1.29 (1.10–1.51)	0.001	<0.001	1.31 (1.11–1.54)	0.001	<0.001
Prior AIDS	No	863/7131.9	121.0 (113.2–129.4)	Ref		<0.001	Ref		<0.001
Smoking history	Never	280/2538.1	110.3 (98.1–124.0)	Ref		0.045	Ref		0.003
	Current	384/3223.6	119.1 (107.8–131.7)	1.08 (0.93–1.26)	0.328		1.14 (0.97–1.33)	0.116
	Prior	110/927.2	118.6 (98.4–143.0)	1.08 (0.86–1.34)	0.518		1.13 (0.90–1.41)	0.298
	Unknown	284/1691.4	167.9 (149.5–188.6)	1.52 (1.29–1.80)	<0.001		1.39 (1.17–1.66)	<0.001
Diabetes mellitus	Yes	38/207.3	183.3 (133.4–252.0)	1.53 (1.10–2.12)	0.010	0.010	1.12 (0.80–1.56)	0.510	0.003
	No	871/7261.3	120.0 (112.2–128.2)	Ref			Ref
	Unknown	149/911.8	163.4 (139.2–191.9)	1.36 (1.15–1.62)	<0.001		1.37 (1.14–1.64)	0.001
Age	Per 5 years	1058/8380.4	126.2 (118.9–134.1)	1.11 (1.07–1.14)	<0.001	<0.001	1.16 (1.12–1.19)	<0.001	<0.001
Baseline HDL (mg/dl)	<40	324/2362.4	137.1 (123.0–152.9)	1.31 (1.14–1.51)	<0.001	<0.001	1.01 (0.87–1.17)	0.938	0.684
	≥40	474/4524.7	104.8 (95.7–114.6)	Ref			Ref
	Unknown	260/1493.2	174.1 (154.2–196.6)	1.66 (1.43–1.93)	<0.001		1.32 (1.12–1.55)	0.001
Baseline TRIG (mg/dl)	<200	684/6000.9	114.0 (105.8–122.9)	Ref		0.018	Ref		0.220
	≥200	157/1117.0	140.6 (120.2–164.4)	1.23 (1.04–1.47)	0.018		1.14 (0.96–1.37)	0.145
	Unknown	217/1262.4	171.9 (150.5–196.4)	1.51 (1.29–1.76)	<0.001		1.26 (1.08–1.48)	0.004
HIV RNA (copies/ml)	<200	525/5128.9	102.4 (94.0–111.5)	Ref		<0.001	Ref		0.314
HIV RNA (copies/ml)	≥200	533/3251.4	163.9 (150.6–178.5)	1.60 (1.42–1.81)	<0.001	<0.001	1.11 (0.90–1.36)	0.314	0.314
Baseline CD4 (cells/ml)	<350	365/1885.3	193.6 (174.7–214.5)	1.90 (1.65–2.17)	<0.001	<0.001	1.48 (1.27–1.74)	<0.001	<0.001
	350–499	225/1910.3	117.8 (103.4–134.2)	1.15 (0.98–1.35)	0.078		1.06 (0.90–1.25)	0.514
	>499	468/4584.8	102.1 (93.2–111.8)	Ref			Ref
Nadir CD4 (cells/ml)	<200	416/2888.2	144.0 (130.8–158.6)	1.25 (1.08–1.45)	0.003	0.002	1.05 (0.85–1.29)	0.668	0.563
	200–349	326/2744	118.8 (106.6–132.4)	1.03 (0.89–1.21)	0.679		0.97 (0.81–1.18)	0.776
	>350	316/2748.2	115.0 (103.0–128.4)	Ref			Ref
BMI (kg/m2)	<25	570/5122.4	111.3 (102.5–120.8)	Ref		<0.001	Ref		0.039
	25–29	251/1725.5	145.5 (128.5–164.6)	1.31 (1.13–1.52)	<0.001		1.06 (0.91–1.24)	0.452
	>30	93/501.6	185.4 (151.3–227.2)	1.67 (1.34–2.07)	<0.001		1.32 (1.05–1.65)	0.015
	Unknown	144/1030.8	139.7 (118.6–164.5)	1.26 (1.05–1.51)	0.015		1.11 (0.92–1.34)	0.284
HIV Duration (years)	<5	180/1705.2	105.6 (91.2–122.2)	1.33 (1.08–1.64)	0.007	0.007	0.86 (0.68–1.09)	0.219	0.456
	5+	173/2184.2	79.2 (68.2–91.9)	Ref			Ref
	Unknown	705/4490.9	157.0 (145.8–169.0)	1.98 (1.68–2.34)	<0.001		1.65 (1.36–1.99)	<0.001
GFR (ml/min/1.73 m²)	<90	312/2251.5	138.6 (124.0–154.8)	1.23 (1.08–1.41)	0.002	0.002	1.12 (0.96–1.30)	0.151	0.120
	>90	626/5572	112.3 (103.9–121.5)	Ref			Ref
	Unknown	120/556.9	215.5 (180.2–257.7)	1.92 (1.58–2.33)	<0.001		1.37 (1.11–1.68)	0.004
Lipid‐lowering therapy	Yes	65/373.7	173.9 (136.4–221.8)	1.40 (1.09–1.80)	0.008	0.008	1.28 (0.98–1.66)	0.068	0.068
Lipid‐lowering therapy	No	993/8006.6	124.0 (116.5–132.0)	Ref		0.008	Ref		0.068
SBP (mmHg)	<120	206/3336.1	61.7 (53.9–70.8)	Ref		<0.001	Ref		*<0.001*
	121–129	334/2729.4	122.4 (109.9–136.2)	1.98 (1.67–2.36)	<0.001		1.58 (1.32–1.90)	<0.001
	≥130	518 /2314.8	223.8 (205.3–243.9)	3.62 (3.08–4.26)	<0.001		2.24 (1.86–2.69)	<0.001
DBP Categories (mmHg)	<80	370 /4867.6	76.0 (68.6–84.2)	Ref		<0.001	Ref		<0.001
	80–84	320/2088.4	153.2 (137.3–171.0)	2.02 (1.74–2.34)	<0.001		1.55 (1.32–1.82)	<0.001
	≥85	368/1424.3	258.4 (233.3–286.2)	3.40 (2.94–3.93)	<0.001		2.14 (1.82–2.52)	<0.001
ART duration	<5 years	654/4373.8	149.5 (138.5–161.4)	Ref		<0.001	Ref		<0.001
	5–9 years	160/1419.7	112.7 (96.5–131.6)	0.75 (0.63–0.90)	0.001		1.09 (0.84–1.41)	0.529
	≥10 years	244/2586.9	94.3 (83.2–106.9)	0.63 (0.54–0.73)	<0.001		0.72 (0.56–0.92)	0.010

At the bivariable analysis stage, the mode of HIV transmission, baseline year, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, total cholesterol and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, and cardiovascular disease were not significant (global p > 0.200). These variables were not considered in the multivariable regression, and the parameter estimates for these excluded covariates are not presented. The final multivariable model was also adjusted for the nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor backbone. The variables that were considered but not significant in the final multivariable regression model are in italics. The covariates that were significant in the final model are in bold. All lipids are in mg/dl; to convert triglycerides from mg/dl to mmol/L, divide by 88.57. For HDL, divide by 38.67.

Abbreviations: ART, antiretroviral therapy; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; GFR, glomerular filtration rate determined using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation; HDL, high‐density lipoprotein; INSTI, integrase strand transfer inhibitors; IR, incidence rate; IRR, incidence rate ratio; NNRTI, non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors; PI, protease inhibitors; PY, person‐years; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TRIG, triglycerides.

^{^a}

NNRTI is the reference group.

^{^b}

PI is the reference group.

^{^c}

Other categories (other than those stated), including unknown status.