TABLE 1.

Details of the studies which met the inclusion criteria

Study	Study design	Setting	Population	Patients	Outcomes	Results	Conclusions	Limitations
Alkhouri et al., 2017 5	Registry	43 Australian and New Zealand EDs	All patients undergoing RSI in the ED	1112 CP: 2467 no CP	FPS Success at three or more attempts	FPS with CP 84.7% versus 83.3% without, P = 0.7460 Success at three or more attempts with CP 59.8% versus 55.0% without, P = 0.7387	CP did not significantly affect the rate of FPS or successful intubation after three or more attempts	Potential for bias towards EDs with accredited emergency physicians Potential for underreporting of adverse events
Ghedina et al., 2020 27	Registry	30 Australian and New Zealand EDs	Paediatric patients aged 0–15 years undergoing RSI in the ED	60 CP: 196 no CP	FPS	FPS 86.7% with CP versus FPS 78.6% without CP	Higher FPS was noted with the use of CP	Small sample size meant statistical significance was not calculated Potential for bias towards EDs with accredited emergency physicians Potential for underreporting of adverse events
Trethewy et al., 2018 28	Randomised controlled trial	2 Australian EDs (New South Wales)	Adults >18 years old undergoing RSI in the ED	25 measured force of CP: 29 blinded to force of CP	Gastric regurgitation	Gastric regurgitation occurred despite the application of CP Patients were positive for oropharyngeal pepsin (11/54), tracheal pepsin (3/54) and treated with antibiotics for clinical aspiration (7/54)	The ideal force of CP could not be maintained during intubation Applying suboptimal CP did not eliminate the risk of gastric regurgitation	Small sample size owing to the abandonment of the study before the calculated sample size of 106 patients was reached There was no significant difference in the force of CP applied between groups, hence outcomes could not be compared between CP and a control

CP, cricoid pressure; FPS, first‐pass success.