TABLE 1.
Attribution estimates at the transmission pathway level for Campylobacter, nontyphoidal Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes and STEC O157
| Pathogen | Transmission pathway | PAF a (normalized) | Expert estimates, from Havelaar et al. (2008) | Attribution estimates b |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Campylobacter spp. | Food | 54.3% (50.9%) | 42.0% | 56.0% (53.9%–58.2%) |
| Environment | 17.2% (16.1%) | 21.0% | 14.6% (13.0%–16.2%) | |
| Human | 4.0% (3.8%) | 6.0% | 3.2% (2.5%–4.1%) | |
| Animal | 12.9% (12.1%) | 19.0% | 10.7% (9.4%–12.1%) | |
| Travel | 18.2% (17.1%) | 12.0% | 15.4% (13.8%–17.0%) | |
| Nontyphoidal Salmonella spp. | Food | 23.5% (43.2%) | 55.0% | 46.2% (41.2%–51.0%) |
| Environment | N/A | 13.0% | 5.1% (1.8%–10.2%) | |
| Human | 9.4% (17.4%) | 9.0% | 11.1% (7.7%–14.9%) | |
| Animal | 4.5% (8.2%) | 9.0% | 7.6% (4.8%–10.8%) | |
| Travel | 17.0% c (31.2%) | 14.0% | 30.0% (24.9%–35.4%) | |
| STEC O157 | Food | 36.9% (64.8%) | 40.0% | 36.5% (31.5%–42.4%) |
| Environment | N/A | 17.0% | 15.0% (1.8%–36.5%) | |
| Human | N/A | 10.0% | 9.6% (1.1%–34.1%) | |
| Animal | N/A | 21.0% | 18.4% (2.3%–37.3%) | |
| Travel | 20.0% c (35.2%) | 12.0% | 20.4% (16.4%–25.0%) | |
| Listeria monocytogenes | Food | 54.4% (91.6%) | 69.0% | 78.8% (72.4%–84.2%) |
| Environment | N/A | 7.0% | 5.2% (0.9%–12.8%) | |
| Human | N/A | 5.0% | 4.3% (0.7%–11.9%) | |
| Animal | N/A | 5.0% | 4.3% (0.6%–11.6%) | |
| Travel | 5.0% c (8.6%) | 13.0% | 7.3% (4.1%–11.4%) |
N/A, not available.
a
Population attributable fraction from case‐control studies.
b
Ranges within parentheses denote 95% credible intervals (95%CI).
c
Obtained from the cases reported to the Dutch national surveillance system for infectious diseases.