TABLE 2.
Attribution estimates at the food group (i.e. within the foodborne pathway) level for Campylobacter, nontyphoidal Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes and STEC O157
| Pathogen | Foodborne exposure | PAF a (normalized) | Expert estimates, from Havelaar et al. (2008) | Attribution estimates b |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Campylobacter spp. | Beef/lamb | 11.0% (22.2%) | 4.0% | 19.5% (16.9%–22.1%) |
| Pork | N/A | 5.0% | 3.1% (0.5%–8.2%) | |
| Poultry meat | 28.0% (54.9%) | 54.0% | 48.8% (45.5%–52.1%) | |
| Eggs | N/A | 3.0% | 2.3% (0.3%–6.9%) | |
| Dairy | 3.0% (5.2%) | 9.0% | 4.1% (0.8%–9.9%) | |
| Fish/shellfish/crustaceans | 4.0% (7.9%) | 7.0% | 6.9% (5.3%–8.6%) | |
| Fruit/vegetables | N/A | 5.0% | 3.1% (0.5%–8.2%) | |
| Beverages | N/A | 2.0% | 1.8% (0.2%–6.0%) | |
| Grains | N/A | 2.0% | 1.8% (0.3%–5.7%) | |
| Composite foods | 1.0% (2.0%) | 3.0% | 1.8% (1.0%–2.7%) | |
| Food handlers, vermin | 4.0% (7.8%) | 5.0% | 6.9% (5.3%–8.6%) | |
| Nontyphoidal Salmonella spp. | Beef/lamb | 4.0% (9.8%) | 13.0% | 7.4% (4.4%–11.1%) |
| Pork | 14.0% (39.7%) | 14.0% | 21.9% (14.8%–29.4%) | |
| Poultry meat | N/A | 15.0% | 13.2% (3.4%–23.9%) | |
| Eggs | 9.0% (24.4%) | 22.0% | 15.4% (11.2%–20.0%) | |
| Dairy | N/A | 7.0% | 6.8% (1.5%–18.7%) | |
| Fish/shellfish/crustaceans | N/A | 4.0% | 4.1% (0.9%–12.7%) | |
| Fruit/vegetables | N/A | 6.0% | 5.9% (1.3%–16.9%) | |
| Beverages | N/A | 3.0% | 3.2% (0.7%–9.4%) | |
| Grains | N/A | 4.0% | 4.1% (0.9%–12.3%) | |
| Composite foods | N/A | 6.0% | 5.9% (1.3%–17.5%) | |
| Food handlers, vermin | 9.4% (26.2%) | 6.0% | 12.3% (8.2%–17.4%) | |
| STEC O157 | Beef/lamb | 66.9% (87.0%) | 44.0% | 65.0% (60.1%–69.6%) |
| Pork | 10.0% (13.0%) | 6.0% | 9.2% (6.6%–12.1%) | |
| Poultry meat | N/A | 3.0% | 2.3% (0.4%–6.9%) | |
| Eggs | N/A | 2.0% | 1.8% (0.2%–5.8%) | |
| Dairy | N/A | 7.0% | 3.4% (0.6%–9.0%) | |
| Fish/shellfish/crustaceans | N/A | 3.0% | 2.3% (0.4%–6.7%) | |
| Fruit/vegetables | N/A | 7.0% | 3.5% (0.6%–9.1%) | |
| Beverages | N/A | 4.0% | 2.6% (0.4%–7.6%) | |
| Grains | N/A | 3.0% | 2.3% (0.3%–7.0%) | |
| Composite foods | N/A | 4.0% | 2.6% (0.4%–7.9%) | |
| Food handlers, vermin | N/A | 17.0% | 5.1% (1.1%–11.8%) | |
| Listeria monocytogenes | Beef/lamb | 4.9% (6.9%) | 11.0% | 6.2% (3.4%–9.8%) |
| Pork | 4.5% (6.3%) | 9.0% | 5.6% (2.9%–9.1%) | |
| Poultry meat | 9.3% (13.1%) | 7.0% | 11.2% (7.3%–15.9%) | |
| Eggs | N/A | 4.0% | 2.5% (0.4%–7.5%) | |
| Dairy | 24.4% (34.4%) | 25.0% | 28.7% (24.6%–33.0%) | |
| Fish/shellfish/crustaceans | 4.6% (6.5%) | 18.0% | 5.9% (3.1%–9.4%) | |
| Fruit/vegetables | 23.3% (32.8%) | 8.0% | 28.5% (24.1%–32.6%) | |
| Beverages | N/A | 3.0% | 2.2% (0.3%–6.8%) | |
| Grains | N/A | 6.0% | 3.2% (0.6%–8.8%) | |
| Composite foods | N/A | 6.0% | 3.1% (0.5%–8.8%) | |
| Food handlers, vermin | N/A | 5.0% | 2.9% (0.5%–8.2%) |
N/A, not available.
a
Population attributable fraction from case‐control studies.
b
Ranges within parentheses denote 95% confidence intervals (95%CI).