TABLE 1.

Characteristics of included studies

Study	Outcome	Sample size	Data source and study design	Demographics			Socioeconomic status
				Mean age	Female sex (%)	Race and ethnicity (%)	Insurance (%)	Education (%)
2010, Friedman	Perioperative complications	6320	Cross‐sectional analysis using discharge data (1995–2005) from the HCUP‐NIS, ICD‐9 diagnostic, and procedure codes (1999–2005) from cases of patients undergoing LKD. Mean LOS: 3.3 days	40	59	n = 4329 Hispanic: 11 Black: 12 Other▪: 6 White: 68	n = 6210 Private: 44 Self‐Pay: 13 Medicare: 13 Medicaid 2 No charge 1 Other: 26	NR
2010, Lentine ◊	CKD, CVD, DM, HTN	4650	Linkage of OPTN data (1987–2007) with administrative billing claims from a private health insurer (2000–2007) CKD outcome evaluated among coding subgroup of 2307 LKDs. Median follow‐up: 7.7 yrs	37	55	Hispanic: 8.2 Non‐Hispanic Black: 13.1 Non‐Hispanic White: 76.3 Other▪: 2.4	Private: 100	n = 3385 College graduate Hispanic: 23 Black: 21 White: 28 <12th grade Hispanic 27 Black 23 White: 16
2010, Segev	Mortality	80 347	Linkage of OPTN LKD data (1994–2009) and SSDMF. Median follow‐up: 6.3 yrs	18–39: 49 40–49: 30 50–59: 17 ≥60: 4	59	n = 80 286 Hispanic: 12.3 Black: 13.1 Other□: 1.6 White: 73.1	NR	n = 41 146 GS: 2 HS: 36 Some college: 28 College graduate: 24 Post‐college: 10
2011, Lentine ◊	DM, HTN (accounted for relatedness to recipient)	4650	Linkage of OPTN data (1987–2007) with administrative billing claims from a private health insurer (2000–2007)	See Lentine 2010
2014, Lentine Am J Nephrol ◊	HTN	4650	Linkage of OPTN data (1987–2007) with administrative billing claims from a private health insurer (2000–2007), specifically using pharmacy fills	See Lentine 2010
2014, Lentine Transp.	CKD, DM, HTN	4007	Linkage of OPTN data (1987–2008) with Medicare‐insured living donors. Median follow‐up: 6 yrs	55	60	Hispanic: 5.7 Non‐Hispanic Black: 8.1 Non‐Hispanic White: 83.4 Other▪: 2.8	Medicare: 100	NR
2014, Muzaale	ESKD	96 217	Linkage of OPTN LKD data (1994–2011) and national kidney replacement treatment records. Healthy controls from NHANES III (screened for health exclusions to donation, matched by demographic and clinical factors) LKD. Median follow‐up: 7.6 yrs	40	59	Hispanic: 12.5 Black: 12.9 White/other □: 74.6	NR	HS or less: 36 Some college: 28 College graduate: 25 Post college: 10
2014, Schold	Rehospitalization	4524	Retrospective cohort using State Inpatient Databases compiled by AHRQ. Data from North Carolina, New York, Florida, California. Follow‐up: 731 days	41	n = 386160	n = 3395 Hispanic: 21 Black: 10 White: 63	NR	NR
2015, Lam ◊	Gout	4650	Linkage of OPTN data (1987–2007) with administrative billing claims from a private health insurer (2000–2007)	See Lentine 2010
2015, Lentine ◊	Proteinuria Nephrotic syndrome Nephritis/nephropathy Renal failure, any kidney diagnosis, CKD (accounting for relatedness)	4650	Linkage of OPTN data (1987–2007) with administrative billing claims from a private health insurer (2000–2007)	See Lentine 2010
2016, Anjum	ESKD, early (0–9 yrs), and late (10–25 yrs) post‐donation by subtype: DM‐related HTN‐related GN‐related	125 427	Linkage of OPTN data (1987–2014) and national kidney replacement treatment records. Median follow‐up: 11 yrs	40	59	Hispanic: 12 Black: 13 White or other▪: 75	NR	HS or less: 35 Attended college: 28 Graduate or more: 37
2016, Lentine	Perioperative complications	14 964	Linkage of OPTN data (2008–2012) with UHC database, an alliance of 107 academic medical centers and 234 of affiliated hospitals. Follow‐up: perioperative period	42	62	Hispanic: 11 Black: 12 Other: 5 White: 72	Insured: 73 Uninsured: 12 Missing: 15	NR
2017, Massie	ESKD	133 824	Linkage of OPTN data (1987–2015) and national kidney replacement treatment records, SSDMF. Median follow‐up: NR	40*	ESKD: 39 No ESKD: 59	Hispanic: % NR ESKD, Black: 34 No ESKD, Black: 13	NR	NR
2018, Wainright	ESKD	123 526	Linkage of OPTN LKD data (1994–2016) and national kidney replacement treatment records, SSDMF. Median follow‐up: 10.3	ESKD: 38 No ESKD: 41	ESKD: 42 No ESKD: 60	ESKD Hispanic: 11.0 Black: 32.1 Other□: 5.1 White: 51.8 No ESKD Hispanic: 12.9 Black: 12.3 Other□: 4.8 White: 70.1	NR	NR
2019, Holscher	Early (within first 2 yrs post‐donation) DM HTN	41 260	Linkage of OPTN data (2008–2014) with OPTN living donor follow‐up form data. Max follow‐up: 2 yrs	42*	62	Hispanic ethnicity, reported separately from race: 14 Race: White: 84 Asian: 4 Black: 12 Other▪: 1	Insured 73 Uninsured: 13 Unknown: 14	Some college or higher Yes: 64 No: 27 Unknown: 9
2019, Lentine	DM Primary: anti‐diabetic medications use Non‐insulin anti‐diabetic med use Insulin use	28 515	Retrospective cohort study using a large US pharmaceutical claims data warehouse‐ comprises National Council for Prescription Drug Program 5.1‐format prescription claims aggregated from multiple sources including data clearinghouses, retail pharmacies, and prescription benefit managers (2007 to 2016). Mean follow‐up: 3.8 yrs	43	67	Hispanic: 12 White: 74 Black: 11 Other▪: 4	Insured: 79 Uninsured: 10 Unknown: 11	College or higher: 67 GS/HS: 25 Unknown: 8
2020, Muzaale	ESKD, stratified by biological relatedness	143 750	Linkage of OPTN LKD data (1987–2017) and national kidney replacement treatment records. Median follow‐up: 12 yrs	40	59	Hispanic: 13 Asian: 3 Black: 12 White: 72	NR	College graduate: 26 Post‐graduate education: 11
2021, Augustine	Change in eGFR, proteinuria	34 504	LKD data (2008–2014) from the SRTR registry. Max follow‐up: 2 yrs	42	63	Hispanic: 13.7 Black: 11.0 Other▪: 4.8 White: 70.5	Insured: 85	HS or less: 29 Some college or higher: 71

▪ other, not explicitly defined; ◊ same cohort (original study: Lentine et al., 2010); *median; median time follow‐up from donation to the end of observed insurance benefits; □ other, defined as American Indian, Native Hawaiian, Alaskan Native, Pacific Islander, and multiracial.

Abbreviations: AHRQ, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; Am J Nephrol, American Journal of Nephrology; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; DM, diabetes mellitus; ESKD, end‐stage kidney disease; GN, glomerulonephritis, eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; GS, grade school; HCUP‐NIS, Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project‐National (Nationwide) Inpatient Sample; HS, high school; HTN, hypertension; LKD, living kidney donor; LOS, length of stay; NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; NR, not reported; OPTN, Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network; SRTR, Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients; SSDMF, Social Security Death Master File; Transp, Transplantation; yrs, years.