. 2022 Feb 25;29(4):1203–1235. doi: 10.1002/cpp.2726

TABLE 1.

Included study characteristics in date order from oldest to most recent, participant age and ethnicity, details of psychotherapy delivery, format and context and therapist qualifications and supervision

	Study characteristics			Participants			Psychotherapy delivery, format and context		Therapists
Study number and reference	Country	Design	Sample population and study setting	Therapy arm sample size	Mean age	Ethnicity and Gender	Psychotherapy type and session length	Length and setting of psychotherapy	N and qualifications	Supervision
1. Shearin and Linehan (1992)	USA	Cohort/longitudinal	People with a diagnosis of BPD and parasuicidal behaviour in the community	4	Not reported	Not reported; 100% female	Dialectical behavioural therapy (DBT): 60‐min individual sessions and 150‐min group skills per week	Up to 31 sessions over 7 months at an outpatient university research clinic	4 psychology and nursing graduate students	Supervision provided to ensure adherence to DBT protocol, but no further details reported
2. Turner (2000)	USA	Two‐armed RCT; active control	People with a diagnosis of BPD in the community	Total: 24 DBT: 12	Total: 22.00	Total: 79.17% Caucasian; 79.17% female	DBT: Individual (DBT skills sessions provided in individual sessions) ^a	Up to 84 individual sessions over 12 months at a community mental health outpatient clinic	4 therapists; background in client‐centred, psychodynamic and family systems conducted both therapies DBT: Trained to conduct DBT	Weekly group supervisions (one for each therapeutic modality). Reviewed therapy audio recordings to monitor treatment fidelity
2. Turner (2000)	USA	Two‐armed RCT; active control	People with a diagnosis of BPD in the community	Active control: 12			Active control: Individual client‐centred therapy ^a		Active control: Trained to work with people diagnosed with BPD
3. Goldman and Gregory (2009)	USA	Two‐armed RCT; TAU control	Diagnosis of BPD; clinical settings—non‐specific	15	27.40	85.70% Caucasian; 90% female	Dynamic deconstructive psychotherapy: Individual ^a	Up to 52 sessions over 12 months ^b	5 therapists; 1 expert therapist, 4 third‐year trainee psychiatrists	Weekly group supervision. Biweekly individual supervision was used to review audio recordings to monitor treatment fidelity
4. Hirsh et al. (2012)	Canada	Two‐armed RCT; active control	People with a diagnosis of BPD and experience of suicidal behaviour and NSSI outpatient	Total: 87 DBT: 43	Total: 31.41 DBT: 30.56	Not reported; 100% female	DBT: 60‐min individual sessions, 120‐min skills group and 120‐min phone coaching	Sessions delivered weekly over 1 year at two teaching hospitals ^c	25 therapists DBT: 13 therapists 3 psychiatrists, 4 PhD level psychologists, 5 master's level clinicians and 1 nurse	DBT: Weekly group supervision (2 h)
4. Hirsh et al. (2012)	Canada	Two‐armed RCT; active control		Active control: 44	Active control: 32.25	Not reported	Active control: Individual general psychiatric management (includes dynamically informed psychotherapy) ^a		Active control: 12 therapists 8 psychiatrists, 1 PhD level psychologist, 1 master's level clinician and 2 nurses	Active control: Weekly group supervision (90 min)
5. Bryan et al. (2012)	USA	Cohort/longitudinal	Military Primary care clinic	497	37.14	54.10% Caucasian; 57.7% female	CBT: 30‐min individual sessions	Up to 8 sessions at a primary care clinic	22 therapists; 8 clinical psychologists (6 trainers and 2 externship trainees), 9 predoctoral clinical psychology interns and 5 social worker interns	Interns were trained under the supervision of clinical psychologists to deliver CBT. No further details on supervision reported
6. Perry et al. (2013)	Canada	Cohort/longitudinal	People with diagnoses of anxiety, depression and/or PD outpatient—psychiatry	53	30.90	Not reported; 77% female	Long‐term dynamic psychotherapy: Individual ^a	Up to 339 sessions over a median of 4.19 years at an outpatient clinic	22 therapists; psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers and advanced practice nurses; 20 were also psychoanalysts	No supervision groups or specific therapy manual used
7. Tsai et al. (2014)	Canada	Cohort/longitudinal	People with a diagnosis of depression who were outpatient/in the community	80	47.82	76.10% Caucasian; 73% female	CBT for depression: 120‐min group sessions	Up to 10 sessions over 10 weeks at an outpatient community mental health service/hospital	2 therapists; 1 clinical psychologist and 1 psychiatrist	Not reported
8. Bedics et al. (2015)	USA	Two‐armed RCT; active control	People with a diagnosis of BPD and experience of suicidal behaviour and NSSI in the community	Total: 101 DBT: 52	Total: 29.30	Total: 86.50% Caucasian; 100% female	DBT: 60‐min individual sessions and 150 min of group skills and telephone consultations per week	Sessions delivered over 1 year at university outpatient clinic and community practice ^c	37 therapists DBT: 15 (12 of whom had a doctoral degree)	DBT: Weekly group supervision
8. Bedics et al. (2015)	USA	Two‐armed RCT; active control		Active control: 49			Active control: Community treatment by experts (eclectic/psychodynamic therapy) ^a		Active control: 25 (14 of whom had a doctoral degree)	Active control: Not required to attend supervision
9. Gysin‐Maillart et al. (2016) ^d	Switzerland	Two‐armed RCT; TAU control	People who had recently attempted suicide who are attending a psychiatry outpatient department	60	36.50	Not reported; 60% female	Attempted Suicide Short Intervention Program (ASSIP):Up to 90‐min individual sessions	3 sessions (4 if necessary) delivered weekly at an outpatient department	4 therapists; 1 psychiatrist and 3 clinical psychologists (2 of whom were experienced in clinical suicide prevention)	Regular supervision to review therapy video recordings to ensure therapy fidelity
10. Gysin‐Maillart et al. (2017) ^d	Switzerland	RCT; TAU control	People who had recently attempted suicide who are attending a psychiatry outpatient department	60	36.50	Not reported; 60% female	ASSIP: Up to 90‐min individual sessions	3 sessions (4 if necessary) delivered weekly at an outpatient department	4 therapists; 1 psychiatrist and 3 clinical psychologists (2 of whom were experienced in clinical suicide prevention)	Regular supervision to review therapy video recordings to ensure therapy fidelity
11. Plöderl et al. (2017)	Austria	Cohort/longitudinal	People who had attempted suicide and/or had suicidal ideation and were admitted to an inpatient ward	633	39.19	Not reported; 51% female	Individual and group psychotherapeutic crisis intervention (eclectic, pan‐theoretical and flexible) ^a	Up to 15 weekly sessions over 3 weeks on the inpatient ward and up to 5 further follow‐up sessions over 6 months delivered at a clinic or via telephone	7 therapists; psychiatrists, psychotherapists/psychologists	Not reported
12. Rufino and Ellis (2018)	USA	Cohort/Longitudinal	People with diagnoses related to mood, anxiety and/or PD and suicidal thoughts and admitted to an inpatient ward	434	33.44	91.00% Caucasian; 53.5% female	Individual therapy; psycho‐educational and therapeutic groups; family therapy ^a	Sessions delivered on an inpatient ward ^c	Not reported	Not reported
13. Ibrahim et al. (2018) ^d	USA	Two‐armed RCT; active control	People who were experiencing depression and suicidal thoughts recruited from a mix of clinical and non‐clinical settings	Total: 115 Attachment‐based family therapy: 60	Total: 14.96	Total: 28.70% Caucasian; 82.9% female	Attachment‐based family therapy: 90‐min individual and family therapy sessions	16 weekly sessions over 16 weeks delivered at a university research lab/intervention clinic	17 therapists; all at least master's level	Not reported
13. Ibrahim et al. (2018) ^d	USA	Two‐armed RCT; active control		Active Control: 55			Active control: Family‐enhanced non‐directive supportive therapy Individual ^a sessions and 4 60‐min parent psycho‐educational sessions		17 therapists; all at least master's level	Not reported
14. Haddock et al. (2019)	UK	Two‐armed RCT; TAU control	People with experiencing of suicidal thoughts and/or behaviours and admitted to an inpatient ward	24	33.88	91.67% Caucasian; 58% female	Cognitive behavioural suicide prevention therapy: Up to 70‐min individual sessions	20 sessions delivered over 6 months on an inpatient ward and followed up in the community	2 therapists; both clinical psychologists who met the British Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies minimum standards for CBT accreditation	Weekly supervision
15. Johnson et al. (2019)	USA	Two‐armed RCT; active control	Veterans who had recently attempted suicide and recently discharged from an inpatient ward	Total: 134 Suicide‐focused assessment group therapy: 69	Total: Not reported Suicide Focused Assessment Group Therapy: 47.72	70.90% Caucasian; 11.9% female	Suicide‐focused assessment group therapy: Group sessions ^a	Suicide‐focused assessment group therapy: Up to 12 weekly sessions delivered in an outpatient setting	2 therapists facilitated both group therapies; 1 clinical psychologist and 1 social worker	Observation and spot checks by the principal investigator ensured adherence and fidelity to suicide‐focused assessment group therapy
15. Johnson et al. (2019)	USA	Two‐armed RCT; active control		Active control: 65	Active control: 48.33	70.90% Caucasian; 11.9% female	Active control: Usual assessment group therapy Group sessions ^a	Active control: Up to 12 weekly sessions delivered in an outpatient setting
16. Ryberg et al. (2019)	Norway	Two‐armed RCT; active control	People with ongoing suicidal ideation, intent, and behaviour in both inpatient and outpatient settings	Total: 78 Collaborative Assessment and Management of Suicidality (CAMS): 37	Total: 39.90 CAMS: 38.40	Not reported; 53% female	CAMS with psychodynamic, cognitive or eclectic psychotherapy: Up to 60‐min individual sessions	CAMS: A mean of 17.80 therapy sessions were attended weekly, of which 7.90 were CAMS specific. Therapy sessions were delivered in inpatient and outpatient settings. Number of sessions not predetermined	43 therapists; CAMS: 8 psychologists and 1 psychiatrist	CAMS: Once therapists were adherent to the CAMS procedure, supervision was available by request
16. Ryberg et al. (2019)	Norway	Two‐armed RCT; active control		Active control: 41	Active control: 33.70	Not reported; 53% female	Active control: Psychodynamic, cognitive or eclectic psychotherapy up to 45‐min individual sessions	Active control: A mean of 14.6 weekly sessions delivered in inpatient and outpatient settings. Number of sessions not predetermined	Active control: 15 psychologists, 4 residents, 6 psychiatrists and 9 psychiatric nurses	Active control: Not reported
17. Stratton et al. (2020)	Canada	Two‐armed RCT; waitlist control	People with diagnosis of BPD; suicidal behaviour and NSSI in an outpatient setting	43	27.29	Not reported; 83.3% female	DBT skills: 120‐min group	20 weekly sessions delivered at a teaching hospital	5 therapists; 2 PhD, 3 MSW	Weekly group supervision
18. Huggett et al. (2021)	UK	Two‐armed RCT; TAU control	People with non‐affective psychosis‐related diagnoses; suicidal ideation and/or behaviour in both inpatient and outpatient settings	64	36.83	88% Caucasian; 43.75% female	Cognitive behavioural suicide prevention therapy: Up to 180‐min individual sessions	Up to 24 sessions delivered over 6 months in outpatient and inpatient settings	8 individuals who were clinical psychologists, mental health nurses and a social worker and met the British Association of Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies minimum standards for CBT accreditation	Weekly group supervision, monthly individual supervision, and regular peer supervision to ensure and monitor therapy fidelity
19. Ibrahim et al. (2021)d	USA	Two‐armed RCT; active control	People who were experiencing depression and suicidal thoughts recruited from a mix of clinical and non‐clinical settings	118	14.96	28.7% Caucasian; 81.7% female	Attachment‐based family therapy: 90‐min individual and family therapy sessions	Up to 16 weekly sessions over 16 weeks delivered at a university research lab/intervention clinic	17 therapists; all at least master's level	Weekly supervision, which included live supervision and review of therapy tapes
							Active control: Family‐enhanced nondirective supportive therapy Individual ^a sessions and 4 60‐min parent psychoeducation sessions

^{^a}

Length of sessions not reported.

^{^b}

Setting not reported.

^{^c}

Number of sessions not reported.

^{^d}

Used the same RCT sample.