TABLE 2.
Details of the therapeutic alliance, suicidal ideation and suicide attempt measures used in included studies
| Therapeutic alliance measure | Suicidal experiences measures | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study number and reference | Client rated | Therapist rated | Observer rated | Suicidal ideation measure | Suicide attempt measure |
| 1. Shearin and Linehan (1992) |
Structural Analysis of Social Behaviour INTREX form (Benjamin, 1988) Rated session by session, weekly, Sessions 1–31 (early–mid therapy) |
Structural Analysis of Social Behaviour INTREX form (Benjamin, 1988) Rated session by session, weekly, Sessions 1–31 (early–mid therapy) |
N/A | Measured using a daily diary card | Measured using a daily diary card |
| 2. Turner (2000) |
Helping Relationship Questionnaire (Haq; Luborsky, 1984) Rated at 6 months (mid‐therapy) |
N/A | N/A | Beck Suicidal Ideation Scale (Beck et al., 1988) Measured at baseline, 6 and 12 months (pre‐, mid‐ and end of therapy) | Target behaviour ratings—frequency of parasuicide |
| 3. Goldman and Gregory (2009) | N/A | N/A |
Working Alliance Inventory Observer Short form (WAI‐O‐S; Tichenor & Hill, 1989; Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989) Rated at baseline, 3, 6 9 and 12 months (early, mid and end of therapy) |
N/A |
The Lifetime Parasuicide Count (Linehan & Comtois, 1996) Measured at baseline, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months (pre‐, mid‐ and end of therapy) |
| 4. Hirsh et al. (2012) |
Working Alliance Inventory (WAI; Horvath & Greenberg, 1989) Rated at baseline, 4, 8 and 12 months (early, mid and end of therapy) |
N/A | N/A | N/A |
Suicide Attempt Self‐Injury Interview (Linehan et al., 2006) Measured at baseline, 4, 8 and 12 months (pre‐, mid‐ and end of therapy) |
| 5. Bryan et al. (2012) |
The Therapeutic Bond Scale (CelestHealth Solutions, 2008) Rated after session 1 (early in therapy) |
N/A | N/A |
1 item from the Behavioral Health Measure‐20 (Kopta & Lowry, 2002) Measured session‐by‐session |
N/A |
| 6. Perry et al. (2013) |
The Psychosocial Treatment Interview (PTI; Steketee et al., 1997) Measured every 6 months (early, mid and end of therapy) |
N/A |
Therapeutic Alliance Analogue Scales (Brysk, 1987) Rated 3 sessions around 1 months and 6 months (early in therapy) |
Longitudinal Interval Follow‐up Evaluation (Keller et al., 1987) Adapted for the Study of Personality (Perry, 1990) measured at baseline and every 6–12 months (pre‐, mid‐ and end of therapy) |
N/A |
| 7. Tsai et al. (2014) |
WAI (Horvath & Greenberg, 1986; Horvath & Greenberg, 1989) Rated after Sessions 1 and 5 (early and mid‐therapy) |
N/A | N/A | Number of participants with recurring or current ideation at baseline | Number of participants who had previously attempted suicide at baseline |
| 8. Bedics et al. (2015) |
California Psychotherapy Alliance Scale (Gaston, 1991) Rated after Session 1 and at 4, 8 and 12 months (early, mid and end of therapy) |
California Psychotherapy Alliance Scale (Gaston, 1991) Rated after Session 1 and at 4, 8 and 12 months (early, mid and end of therapy) |
N/A | N/A |
Suicide Attempt Self‐Injury Interview (Linehan et al., 2006) Measured at baseline, 4, 8 and 12 months (pre‐, mid‐ and end of therapy) |
| 9. Gysin‐Maillart et al. (2016) a |
Penn Haq–German version (Bassler et al., 1995; Luborsky, 1984) Rated after Sessions 1 and 3 (early and end of therapy) |
N/A | N/A |
Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation (BSS) German version (Beck & Steer, 1991; Fidy, 2008) Measured at baseline, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months (pre‐therapy and follow‐up time points) |
Demographic question and hospital records |
| 10. Gysin‐Maillart et al. (2017) a |
Penn Haq–German version (Bassler et al., 1995; Luborsky, 1984) Rated after Sessions 1 and 3 (early and end of therapy) |
N/A | N/A |
BSS German version (Beck & Steer, 1991; Fidy, 2008) Measured at baseline, 6 and 12 months (pre‐therapy and follow‐up time points) |
BSS German version (Beck & Steer, 1991; Fidy, 2008) Measured at baseline, 6 and 12 months (pre‐therapy and follow‐up time points) |
| 11. Plöderl et al. (2017) |
WAI–Short Revised German Translation (Wilmers et al., 2008) Rated at intake and discharge from the inpatient ward (early and towards the end of therapy) |
N/A | N/A |
BSS (Beck & Steer, 1991) Measured at intake and discharge from the inpatient ward (early and towards the end of therapy) |
BSS (Beck & Steer, 1991) Measured at intake and discharge from the inpatient ward (early and towards the end of therapy) |
| 12. Rufino and Ellis (2018) |
WAI (Horvath & Greenberg, 1989) Rated at admission, every 2 weeks and prior to discharge (early, mid and end of therapy) |
N/A | N/A |
Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (Posner et al., 2011) Suicide Cognitions Scale (Bryan et al., 2014; Ellis & Rufino, 2015) Measured at admission, every 2 weeks and prior to discharge (early, mid and end of therapy) |
Frequency of prior suicide attempts measured at admission to the inpatient ward (early in therapy) |
| 13. Ibrahim et al. (2018) a |
Therapeutic Alliance Quality Scale (Riemer et al., 2012) Rated session by session on a weekly basis, between Sessions 1 and 16 (early, mid and end of therapy) |
N/A | N/A |
Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire–Junior weekly (Reynolds & Mazza, 1999) Measured at baseline (pre‐therapy) |
Suicide attempt history measured at baseline (pre‐therapy) |
| 14. Haddock et al. (2019) |
WAI (Horvath & Greenberg, 1989) Rated at Session 4 and end of therapy (early and end of therapy) |
WAI (Horvath & Greenberg, 1989) Rated at Session 4 and end of therapy (early and end of therapy) |
N/A |
BSS (Beck et al., 1979) and Suicide Probability Scale (Cull & Gill, 1982) Measured at baseline, 6 week and 6 months (pre‐therapy, early therapy, and end of therapy) |
Frequency of suicide attempts collected by a review of clinical records between randomization and 6 months (start to end of therapy) |
| 15. Johnson et al. (2019) |
WAI‐S (Hatcher & Gillaspy, 2006) Rated at 1 and 3 months (early and end of therapy) |
N/A | N/A |
BSS (Beck et al., 1979) Measured at baseline, 1 month and 3 months (pre‐therapy, early therapy, and end of therapy) |
Suicide Attempt and Self‐Injury Count (Linehan & Comtois, 1999) Measured at baseline, 1 month and 3 months (pre‐therapy, early therapy and end of therapy) |
| 16. Ryberg et al. (2019) |
WAI‐S (Hatcher & Gillaspy, 2006) Rated after 3 weeks of therapy (early in therapy) |
N/A | N/A |
BSS (Beck et al., 1997) Measured at baseline, 6 and 12 months (pre‐therapy and follow‐up time points) |
N/A |
| 17. Stratton et al. (2020) |
Group Session Rating Scale (GSRS; Duncan & Miller, 2007) Rated at baseline, 5, 10, 15 and 20 weeks and 3 months post‐intervention (pre‐therapy early, mid and end of therapy and follow up) |
N/A | N/A | N/A |
Lifetime Suicide Attempt and Self‐Injury Interview (Linehan & Comtois, 1996) Measured at baseline, 5, 10, 15 and 20 weeks and 3 months post‐intervention (pre‐therapy early, mid and end of therapy and follow‐up) |
| 18. Huggett et al. (2021) |
WAI‐SR (Hatcher & Gillaspy, 2006) Rated at Session 4 (early in therapy) |
WAI‐SR (Hatcher et al., 2020) Measured at Session 4 (early in therapy) |
N/A |
Adult Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire (ASIQ; Reynolds, 1991) Measured at baseline and end of therapy (pre‐therapy and end of therapy) |
Self‐reported frequency of Suicide Attempts over the previous 6 months measured at baseline and end of therapy (pre‐therapy and end of therapy) |
| 19. Ibrahim et al. (2021) a |
Therapeutic Alliance Quality Scale (Riemer et al., 2012) Rated at Session 4 (early in therapy) |
N/A | N/A |
Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire–Junior weekly (Reynolds & Mazza, 1999) Measured at 16 weeks (end of therapy) |
N/A |
Used the same RCT sample.