TABLE 1.
Characteristics of the study population (N = 2,570)
| Dutch, | Cape Verdean, | Dutch Antille, | Moroccan, | Surinamese‐Creole, | Surinamese‐Hindustani, | Turkish, | Total, | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 1,889 | N = 99 | N = 88 | N = 152 | N = 94 | N = 83 | N = 165 | N = 2,570 | |
| Maternal/prepregnancy characteristics | ||||||||
| Age at intake (y), mean | 31.8 (4.4) | 29.7 (5.4) | 27.8 (6.4) | 29.3 (5.1) | 30.97 (5.52) | 29.17 (4.72) | 28.11 (4.93) | 31.1 (4.8) |
| Higher education, % | 62.7 | 15.6 | 18.0 | 12.8 | 24.1 | 25.7 | 18.3 | 51.7 |
| Multiparity, % | 38.9 | 62.9 | 30.7 | 57.3 | 47.8 | 35.4 | 52.1 | 41.8 |
| Prepregnancy BMI, median | 22.3 (18.1‐34.2) |
22.8 (18.7‐34.2) |
24.1 (17.1‐45.1) | 26.1 (18.6‐38.3) | 24.2 (17.4‐42.0) | 23.0 (17.1‐39.0) | 23.5 (18.4‐40.6) | 22.7 (18.1‐35.3) |
| Net income >€2,200/mo, % | 77.6 | 7.1 | 23.8 | 8.6 | 23.8 | 46.7 | 18.6 | 64.40 |
| Pregnancy characteristics | ||||||||
| Total caloric intake (kcal), mean | 2,138 (488) | 1,909 (644) | 1,900 (563) | 2,028 (576) | 1,864 (576) | 1,956 (692) | 1,859 (613) | 2,084 (529) |
| Never smoked, % | 78.7 | 80.8 | 69.5 | 91.0 | 69.1 | 86.7 | 61.7 | 78.1 |
| No alcohol use, % | 33.1 | 53.5 | 57.7 | 92.2 | 54.1 | 64.4 | 82.9 | 43.2 |
| Gestational diabetes (yes), % | 0.4 | 0.0 | 1.2 | 3.4 | 0.0 | 2.5 | 0.0 | 0.6 |
| Preeclampsia, % | 2.2 | 0.0 | 2.6 | 2.1 | 2.5 | 5.4 | 0.7 | 2.1 |
| Gestational hypertension, % | 4.6 | 3.1 | 3.5 | 0.7 | 4.5 | 2.5 | 3.1 | 4.1 |
| Gestational age (wk), median | 40.3 (36.0‐42.3) | 40.1 (36.4‐42.4) | 40.0 (32.9‐41.9) | 40.4 (36.0‐42.6) | 39.6 (31.6‐42.1) | 39.9 (34.9‐42.1) | 40.1 (34.8‐42.3) | 40.14 (35.9‐42.3) |
| Birth weight (g), mean | 3,501 (561) | 3,341 (441) | 3,178 (526) | 3,499 (525) | 3,212 (642) | 3,091 (494) | 3,370 (524) | 3,453 (558) |
| Child characteristics | ||||||||
| Any breastfeeding, % | 91.9 | 88.6 | 88.3 | 96.4 | 91.3 | 100.0 | 98.3 | 92.4 |
| Screen time for ≥ 2 h/d, % | 47.8 | 81.3 | 66.7 | 69.0 | 73.0 | 78.3 | 70.2 | 52.8 |
| Sports activities ≥ 1 h/d, % | 73.9 | 56.5 | 72.6 | 63.2 | 63.4 | 59.1 | 49.5 | 70.8 |
| Sugary drinks at infancy, median servings/d | 1.0 (0.0‐3.7) | 1.0 (0.0‐9.0) | 1.4(0.0‐2.0) | 0.7(0.0‐4.6) | 1.2 (0.0‐6.4) | 1.1 (0.0‐6.0) | 0.5 (0.0‐3.9) | 1.0 (0.00‐3.8) |
| Age (y), mean | 10.2 (0.6) | 10.2 (0.6) | 9.90 (0.50) | 9.90 (0.40) | 9.80 (0.40) | 9.77 (0.37) | 9.87 (0.40) | 10.17 (0.62) |
| Child BMI, median | 16.6 (14.0‐22.6) | 18.5 (14.0‐29.3) | 18.1 (14.1‐27.5) | 17.8 (14.5‐27.6) | 17.8 (14.2‐24.1) | 16.4 (12.8‐23.8) | 18.3 (14.6‐26.2) | 16.9 (14.0‐24.9) |
| Overweight or obesity, % (n) | 11.6 (219) | 33.3 (33) | 33.0 (29) | 28.3 (43) | 29.8 (28) | 21.7 (18) | 36.4 (60) | 16.7 (430) |
| Liver fat fraction, median percentage | 1.96 (1.20‐4.61) | 2.25 (1.21‐9.24) | 2.06 (1.30‐10.28) | 2.02 (1.20‐4.78) | 2.07 (1.10‐5.74) | 1.99 (1.37‐5.15) | 2.45 (1.23‐10.74) | 1.99 (1.20‐5.31) |
| NAFLD, % (n) | 1.96 (37) | 7.07 (7) | 4.55 (4) | 1.97 (3) | 4.26 (4) | 2.41 (2) | 9.09 (15) |
2.80 (72) |
Note: Values are observed (not imputed) data and are given as means (SD), medians (95% CI), or numbers of participants (valid %) unless otherwise stated. The means and corresponding SD are given for all normally distributed continuous variables and the medians and 95% CI for non‐normally distributed variables. Characteristics of the study population are organized according to each phase of life (prepregnancy, pregnancy, and childhood factors), in the same order as intended for the regression models.