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Electrochemical characterization of each modification step including unmodified paper substrate (black line), aldehyde-modified paper substrate (green line), acpcPNA immobilization (blue line) and DNA hybridization (orange line) via (A) EIS and (B) CV techniques. (All EIS Nyquist plots were fitted with the Randles equivalent circuit). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
