TABLE 3.

Gaps in knowledge regarding sex‐specific risk factors

Gaps in Knowledge
Sex differences and sex‐specific risk factors for ADRD should be evaluated in more diverse samples.
There are racial/ethnic differences in pregnancy and menopause. For instance, non‐Hispanic Black women, on average, go through the menopause transition at an earlier age, 115 experience a greater frequency of hot flashes, 116 and are more likely to have hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and premenopausal bilateral oophorectomy, compared to White women. The impact of these differences in risk of ADRD are not understood.
Little research has examined the impact of sociocultural views, which influence family size and marital roles, on risk of ADRD.
The dose, duration, and access to hormonal contraceptives and menopausal hormone therapy differ around the world. The impact of these differences on the risk of ADRD are not known.
Additional studies examining the effects of prostate cancer and androgen‐deprivation therapy on the risk of ADRD in males is needed, especially studies that incorporate multiple races/ethnicities and regions around the world.
The impact of low testosterone in males on risk of ADRD is still not well understood.

Abbreviation: ADRD, Alzheimer's disease and related dementias.