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. 2022 Oct 7;12:16832. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-20383-5

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Cell elongation index (EI) analysis for HFF1 cells within the 3D tissue analogues after uniaxial loading. The gradient scale to the right designates the spectrum of cell measurements, with corresponding representative images of cell morphologies. *Indicates significant difference with respect to 0% mechanical strain group (control). ^#Represents a significant difference between 4 and 8% mechanical strain groups, ^§represents a significant difference between 8 and 12% strain groups, and ^†represents a significant difference between 4 and 12% strain groups, each with P < 0.05.