TABLE 1.
Baseline demographics and clinical characteristics
| Characteristics | Group I PD | Group II PD‐OD | Group III PD‐RBD | Group IV PD‐DH | P Value | Post Hoc P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sample size, n | 180 | 82 | 94 | 64 | – | – |
| Age, y | 59.6 (9.7) | 65.5 (8.4) | 60.2 (10.3) | 64.4 (7.9) | <0.001 a | I vs. II, I vs. IV, II vs. III |
| Sex, male/female | 106/74 | 59/23 | 58/36 | 52/12 | 0.006 b | – |
| Age onset, y | 57.4 (10.0) | 63.8 (8.9) | 58.3 (10.3) | 62.4 (7.9) | <0.001 a | I vs. II, I vs. IV, II vs. III |
| Duration, mo | 6.9 (6.4) | 6.3 (6.8) | 6.2 (6.2) | 6.8 (6.6) | 0.588 c | – |
| Pathologic variants | ||||||
| GBA | 18/162 | 9/73 | 17/77 | 8/56 | 0.271 | – |
| LRRK2 | 58/117 | 28/50 | 24/69 | 13/50 | 0.138 | – |
| H&Y stage, 1/2/3 | 77/93/2 | 30/49/0 | 43/46/0 | 25/36/0 | 0.562 b | – |
| MDS‐UPDRS Part III | 19.8 (8.2) | 22.6 (9.6) | 20.1 (8.4) | 22.0 (9.2) | 0.155 c | – |
| MDS‐UPDRS Part I | 4.2 (2.9) | 5.5 (4.2) | 7.2 (4.9) | 6.7 (3.8) | <0.001 a | I vs. III, I vs. IV |
| MDS‐UPDRS Part II | 4.8 (3.6) | 5.5 (3.5) | 7.1 (4.9) | 7.2 (4.4) | <0.001 a | I vs. III, I vs. IV |
| MDS‐UPDRS total | 28.9 (11.0) | 33.7 (13.6) | 34.5 (14.5) | 36.0 (13.8) | <0.001 c | I vs. III, I vs. IV |
| MoCA | 27.4(2.0) | 26.7 (2.7) | 27.2 (2.3) | 26.6 (2.3) | 0.052 a | – |
| HVLT‐R total recall, total score | 46.6 (10.6) | 46.3 (10.7) | 44.8 (10.6) | 43.2 (10.9) | 0.131c | |
| Delayed recall | 46.3 (11.0) | 44.9 (10.5) | 43.1 (11.3) | 43.5 (10.2) | 0.052 a | |
| Retention | 48.3 (11.5) | 46.6 (11.2) | 45.5 (11.8) | 47.1 (10.1) | 0.116 a | |
| Recognition | 46.2 (11.1) | 44.1 (12.2) | 44.1 (10.5) | 42.9 (11.5) | 0.151 a | |
| LNS | 11.0 (2.5) | 10.1 (2.8) | 10.3 (2.3) | 10.1 (2.9) | 0.008 a | I vs. II |
| SDMT | 43.4 (9.2) | 39.3 (9.7) | 40.8 (9.0) | 37.6 (10.5) | <0.001 a | I vs. II, I vs. IV |
| SFT | 50.8 (10.9) | 47.2 (12.6) | 48.9 (11.6) | 44.2 (10.7) | <0.001 a | I vs. IV, I vs. II |
| Scopa‐AUT | 7.3 (4.8) | 9.4 (5.8) | 11.0 (6.5) | 13.4 (7.0) | <0.001 a | I vs. III, I vs. IV, II vs. IV |
| Gastrointestinal | 1.5 (1.7) | 2.1 (2.1) | 2.6 (2.1) | 3.3 (2.1) | <0.001 a | I vs. III, I vs. IV, II vs. IV |
| Urinary | 3.3 (2.3) | 4.5 (2.9) | 4.6 (3.1) | 5.5 (3.8) | <0.001 a | I vs. II, I vs. III, I vs. IV |
| Cardiovascular | 0.3 (0.6) | 0.3 (0.5) | 0.7 (0.9) | 0.5 (0.9) | <0.001 a | I vs. III, II vs. III |
Kruskal–Wallis test.
χ2 test.
P values are calculated using 1‐way analysis of variance.
Data was shown as mean(SD). Abbreviations: PD, Parkinson's disease; OD, olfactory dysfunction; RBD, rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder; DH, dual hit; GBA, glucosylceramiddase beta; LRRK2, leuine rich repeat kinase 2; H&Y, Hoehn and Yahr; MDS, Movement Disorder Society; UPDRS, Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; HVLT‐R, Hopkins Verbal Learning Test–Revised; LNS, Wechsler Memory Scale‐Third edition (WMS‐III) Letter Number Sequencing; SDMT, Symbol Digit Modalities Test; SFT, Semantic Verbal Language Fluency Test; Scopa‐AUT, Scales for Outcomes in Parkinson's Disease–Autonomic.