Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of Patients (N = 5278).
| Characteristic | Patients, No. (%) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All meeting Sepsis-3 criteria | Meeting Sepsis-3 criteria without shock | Septic shock | ||||
| Normal EF (n = 4394) | HFrEF (n = 884) | Normal EF (n = 2483) | HFrEF (n = 504) | Normal EF (n = 1911) | HFrEF (n = 380) | |
| Age, median (IQR), y | 70 (59-81) | 73 (62-82) | 70 (59-81) | 72.5 (62-82) | 70 (60-81) | 73 (63-82) |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 2106 (48) | 567 (64) | 1260 (51) | 340 (68) | 846 (44) | 227 (60) |
| Race and ethnicity | ||||||
| Black | 656 (15) | 177 (20) | 397 (16) | 102 (20) | 259 (14) | 75 (20) |
| White | 3666 (83) | 683 (77) | 2052 (83) | 385 (76) | 1614 (85) | 298 (78) |
| Othera | 72 (2) | 24 (3) | 34 (1) | 17 (3) | 38 (2) | 7 (2) |
| Elixhauser Comorbidity Index, mean (SD)b | 5.4 (2.2) | 5.7 (2.2) | 5.3 (2.2) | 5.6 (2.2) | 5.6 (2.2) | 5.8 (2.2) |
| Clinical characteristicc | ||||||
| SOFA score, median (IQR)d | 4 (2-5) | 4 (3-5) | 3 (2-4) | 3 (2-5) | 4 (3-6) | 4 (3-6) |
| Mean arterial pressure, mean (SD), mm Hg | 69.3 (15.7) | 68.9 (15.9) | 79.5 (11.4) | 79.0 (10.9) | 56.2 (9.4) | 55.6 (10.8) |
| Oxygen saturation, median (IQR), % | 93 (89-95) | 93 (90-95) | 93 (89-95) | 93 (91-95) | 93 (88-95) | 93 (89-95) |
| Lactate, median (IQR), mmol/L | 1.8 (1.2-2.9) | 2.0 (1.3-2.8) | 1.5 (1.1-2.1) | 1.7 (1.1-2.3) | 2.1 (1.3-3.5) | 2.1 (1.4-3.6) |
| Platelet count, median (IQR), 103/µL | 213 (144-290) | 205 (151-277) | 211 (145-285) | 204 (149-274) | 219 (145-299) | 208 (155-286) |
| Creatinine, median (IQR), mg/dL | 1.4 (0.9-2.3) | 1.7 (1.2-2.9) | 1.3 (0.9-2.2) | 1.7 (1.2-2.8) | 1.5 (1.0-2.4) | 1.7 (1.2-3.0) |
| SEP-1 process measures | ||||||
| Antibiotics given within 3 h | 3018 (69) | 620 (70) | 1658 (67) | 347 (69) | 1360 (72) | 273 (72) |
| Lactate checked within 3 h | 1840 (42) | 352 (40) | 737 (30) | 146 (29) | 1103 (58) | 206 (54) |
| 30 mL/kg intravenous fluids administered within 6 h | 885 (20) | 113 (13) | 186 (8) | 17 (3) | 699 (37) | 96 (25) |
| Source of infection | ||||||
| Bloodstream | 584 (13) | 125 (14) | 249 (10) | 60 (12) | 335 (18) | 65 (17) |
| Urine | 838 (19) | 145 (16) | 447 (18) | 91 (18) | 391 (21) | 54 (14) |
| Pulmonary | 403 (9) | 66 (8) | 189 (8) | 19 (4) | 214 (11) | 47 (12) |
| Unknown | 2175 (50) | 461 (52) | 1382 (56) | 285 (57) | 793 (42) | 176 (46) |
| Other | 394 (9) | 87 (10) | 216 (9) | 49 (10) | 178 (9) | 38 (10) |
| Echocardiographic parameter | ||||||
| LVEF, median (IQR), % | 55 (55-60) | 30 (25-35.5) | 55 (55-60) | 30 (20-38) | 55 (55-60) | 30 (20-35) |
| RV dysfunction | 240 (6) | 161 (18) | 120 (5) | 87 (19) | 120 (6) | 74 (20) |
| Estimated pulmonary artery systolic pressure, median (IQR), mm Hg | 39 (30-48) | 41 (33-51) | 39 (30-48.5) | 43 (33-53) | 39 (30-48) | 40 (31-49) |
| Severe mitral valve regurgitation | 245 (6) | 159 (18) | 146 (6) | 97 (19) | 99 (5) | 62 (16) |
| Severe aortic valve regurgitation | 72 (2) | 24 (3) | 50 (2) | 13 (3) | 22 (1) | 11 (3) |
Abbreviations: EF, ejection fraction; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; RV, right ventricular; SOFA, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment.
SI conversion factors: To convert lactate to milligrams per deciliter, divide by 0.111; platelets to 109 per liter, multiply by 1.0; and creatinine to micromoles per liter, multiply by 88.4.
American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian, Chinese, Filipino, Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, Middle Eastern, Native American, not specified, or Pacific Islander.
A method of categorizing the comorbid conditions of patients based on the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision diagnosis codes found in administrative data (range, 0-31; with higher score indicating greater comorbidity burden).
Corresponds to minimum or maximum value, as appropriate, within the first 6 hours.
SOFA score corresponds to the severity of organ dysfunction within 6 hours of sepsis onset, reflecting 6 organ systems (cardiovascular, hepatic, hematologic, respiratory, neurologic, kidney), each with a score range of 0 to 4 points, with a total score range of 0 to 24 points.