Table 2.
Parametric analysis of repeated measures ANOVA for differences between times and groups with regard to the Perceived Stress Scale and Symptom Checklist-90-Revised test.
| Scale/subscale and groupa | Timeb | F (df) | P value | η2p | ||||||||||||
|
|
T1, mean (SD) | T2, mean (SD) | T3, mean (SD) |
|
|
|
||||||||||
| PSSc score |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||
|
|
Group 1 | 21.17 (6.24) | 15.58 (7.81) | 16.92 (5.45) | 3.22 (2,31) | .053 | 0.17 | |||||||||
|
|
Group 2 | 22.40 (5.66) | 11.60 (5.85) | 16.60 (6.29) | 8.95 (2,31) | <.001 | 0.37 | |||||||||
|
|
Group 3 | 21.50 (8.17) | 14.00 (9.38) | 18.67 (7.53) | 2.86 (2,31) | .07 | 0.16 | |||||||||
|
|
Group 4 | 13.87 (5.19) | 14.63 (7.15) | 15.13 (5.25) | 0.17 (2,31) | .85 | 0.01 | |||||||||
| GSId |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||
|
|
Group 1 | 58.42 (11.47) | 56.33 (18.73) | 53.17 (12.58) | 2.16 (2,31) | .13 | 0.12 | |||||||||
|
|
Group 2 | 59.40 (5.72) | 48.90 (7.36) | 54.70 (11.31) | 6.77 (2,31) | .004 | 0.30 | |||||||||
|
|
Group 3 | 54.67 (6.89) | 48.83 (6.59) | 50.50 (9.89) | 1.44 (2,31) | .25 | 0.09 | |||||||||
|
|
Group 4 | 53.25 (6.07) | 49.88 (8.74) | 51.50 (9.47) | 0.57 (2,31) | .57 | 0.04 | |||||||||
| PSTe score |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||
|
|
Group 1 | 57.00 (9.41) | 54.92 (11.99) | 53.50 (11.97) | 1.10 (2,31) | .35 | 0.07 | |||||||||
|
|
Group 2 | 59.70 (6.38) | 51.90 (9.21) | 55.00 (12.24) | 5.97 (2,31) | .006 | 0.28 | |||||||||
|
|
Group 3 | 56.00 (9.10) | 48.67 (8.04) | 50.50 (9.94) | 3.14 (2,31) | .057 | 0.17 | |||||||||
|
|
Group 4 | 56.88 (5.99) | 51.63 (8.91) | 53.13 (9.75) | 2.14 (2,31) | .14 | 0.12 | |||||||||
| PSDIf |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||
|
|
Group 1 | 57.08 (10.25) | 53.00 (16.83) | 51.75 (9.96) | 1.90 (2,31) | .17 | 0.11 | |||||||||
|
|
Group 2 | 57.00 (8.49) | 45.10 (6.59) | 51.60 (9.57) | 6.49 (2,31) | .004 | 0.30 | |||||||||
|
|
Group 3 | 53.00 (4.73) | 53.00 (14.99) | 49.33 (9.48) | 0.33 (2,31) | .72 | 0.02 | |||||||||
|
|
Group 4 | 48.75 (3.88) | 46.88 (7.00) | 48.50 (8.19) | 0.12 (2,31) | .89 | 0.01 | |||||||||
| Somatization score |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||
|
|
Group 1 | 57.25 (15.02) | 53.83 (21.91) | 52.83 (15.12) | 1.15 (2,31) | .33 | 0.07 | |||||||||
|
|
Group 2 | 55.90 (10.96) | 47.30 (7.43) | 49.60 (8.75) | 2.99 (2,31) | .06 | 0.16 | |||||||||
|
|
Group 3 | 49.67 (6.65) | 45.83 (6.37) | 42.83 (3.87) | 1.40 (2,31) | .26 | 0.08 | |||||||||
|
|
Group 4 | 51.38 (8.78) | 50.50 (8.33) | 50.88 (8.63) | 0.02 (2,31) | .98 | 0.00 | |||||||||
| Obsessiveness-compulsiveness score |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||
|
|
Group 1 | 56.83 (8.62) | 56.00 (15.58) | 54.75 (11.34) | 0.34 (2,31) | .72 | 0.02 | |||||||||
|
|
Group 2 | 57.60 (7.04) | 47.90 (7.91) | 53.50 (11.08) | 4.99 (2,31) | .01 | 0.24 | |||||||||
|
|
Group 3 | 55.83 (7.63) | 51.67 (7.03) | 50.67 (11.24) | 1.13 (2,31) | .34 | 0.07 | |||||||||
|
|
Group 4 | 53.38 (4.21) | 51.00 (8.47) | 51.88 (8.06) | 0.26 (2,31) | .78 | 0.02 | |||||||||
| Interpersonal sensitivity score |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||
|
|
Group 1 | 52.25 (6.11) | 48.67 (7.23) | 50.17 (10.47) | 1.53 (2,31) | .23 | 0.09 | |||||||||
|
|
Group 2 | 54.90 (6.33) | 48.00 (6.60) | 51.60 (11.46) | 4.71 (2,31) | .02 | 0.23 | |||||||||
|
|
Group 3 | 53.67 (8.43) | 45.83 (5.31) | 52.33 (9.07) | 3.87 (2,31) | .03 | 0.20 | |||||||||
|
|
Group 4 | 53.88 (5.57) | 49.50 (9.84) | 52.63 (15.90) | 1.55 (2,31) | .23 | 0.09 | |||||||||
| Depression score |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||
|
|
Group 1 | 59.25 (12.13) | 57.67 (22.76) | 55.67 (11.26) | 0.72 (2,31) | .50 | 0.04 | |||||||||
|
|
Group 2 | 63.10 (9.79) | 51.80 (9.46) | 56.60 (13.13) | 5.34 (2,31) | .01 | 0.26 | |||||||||
|
|
Group 3 | 55.33 (9.27) | 48.17 (7.63) | 54.00 (13.23) | 1.19 (2,31) | .32 | 0.07 | |||||||||
|
|
Group 4 | 54.63 (8.86) | 52.13 (8.86) | 51.88 (9.03) | 0.36 (2,31) | .70 | 0.02 | |||||||||
| Anxiety score |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||
|
|
Group 1 | 56.92 (13.59) | 57.50 (23.62) | 53.50 (10.37) | 0.89 (2,31) | .42 | 0.05 | |||||||||
|
|
Group 2 | 56.50 (11.57) | 47.80 (5.45) | 54.10 (9.61) | 2.27 (2,31) | .12 | 0.13 | |||||||||
|
|
Group 3 | 55.83 (6.94) | 51.33 (8.57) | 52.67 (11.29) | 0.48 (2,31) | .62 | 0.03 | |||||||||
|
|
Group 4 | 50.75 (5.31) | 46.00 (6.16) | 48.38 (6.78) | 0.59 (2,31) | .56 | 0.04 | |||||||||
| Hostility score |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||
|
|
Group 1 | 47.50 (17.58) | 48.33 (7.05) | 47.33 (8.69) | 0.12 (2,31) | .89 | 0.01 | |||||||||
|
|
Group 2 | 57.60 (14.52) | 45.40 (3.69) | 48.80 (7.90) | 4.12 (2,31) | .03 | 0.21 | |||||||||
|
|
Group 3 | 53.50 (7.99) | 49.83 (9.33) | 52.00 (8.90) | 0.39 (2,31) | .68 | 0.03 | |||||||||
|
|
Group 4 | 51.75 (3.28) | 46.88 (8.08) | 48.63 (6.50) | 0.60 (2,31) | .56 | 0.04 | |||||||||
| Phobic anxiety score |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||
|
|
Group 1 | 51.58 (11.02) | 57.67 (21.64) | 50.50 (9.56) | 2.25 (2,31) | .12 | 0.13 | |||||||||
|
|
Group 2 | 50.00 (16.67) | 50.60 (6.02) | 56.30 (11.38) | 2.38 (2,31) | .11 | 0.13 | |||||||||
|
|
Group 3 | 48.83 (5.14) | 45.67 (3.14) | 44.83 (1.60) | 0.34 (2,31) | .72 | 0.02 | |||||||||
|
|
Group 4 | 48.50 (5.43) | 48.38 (5.34) | 50.00 (10.92) | 0.13 (2,31) | .88 | 0.01 | |||||||||
| Paranoid ideation score |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||
|
|
Group 1 | 59.92 (10.98) | 52.33 (11.76) | 53.92 (13.07) | 6.58 (2,31) | .004 | 0.30 | |||||||||
|
|
Group 2 | 54.20 (9.66) | 49.50 (7.82) | 54.90 (15.42) | 3.49 (2,31) | .04 | 0.18 | |||||||||
|
|
Group 3 | 56.50 (10.77) | 46.83 (4.96) | 48.83 (7.14) | 5.35 (2,31) | .01 | 0.26 | |||||||||
|
|
Group 4 | 52.25 (8.80) | 45.25 (7.44) | 50.63 (11.41) | 4.57 (2,31) | .02 | 0.23 | |||||||||
| Psychoticism score |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||
|
|
Group 1 | 56.50 (12.75) | 54.67 (15.20) | 49.67 (8.79) | 3.17 (2,31) | .06 | 0.17 | |||||||||
|
|
Group 2 | 56.70 (9.56) | 50.20 (8.87) | 57.20 (12.64) | 4.41 (2,31) | .02 | 0.22 | |||||||||
|
|
Group 3 | 48.33 (6.15) | 48.17 (6.01) | 48.33 (7.47) | 0.00 (2,31) | >.99 | 0.00 | |||||||||
|
|
Group 4 | 52.63 (9.74) | 52.88 (9.75) | 52.38 (12.42) | 0.01 (2,31) | .99 | 0.00 | |||||||||
aGroup 1 received only traditional therapy; group 2 received both traditional therapy and the support of a conversational artificial intelligence agent; group 3 received only the support of a conversational artificial intelligence agent; and group 4 did not receive any treatment (control group).
bT1 indicates before treatment, T2 indicates at the end of treatment, and T3 indicates 3 months after the end of treatment.
cPSS: Perceived Stress Scale.
dGSI: Global Severity Index.
ePST: Positive Symptom Total.
fPSDI: Positive Symptom Distress Index.