Skip to main content
. 2022 Sep 23;9(9):e38067. doi: 10.2196/38067

Table 2.

Parametric analysis of repeated measures ANOVA for differences between times and groups with regard to the Perceived Stress Scale and Symptom Checklist-90-Revised test.

Scale/subscale and groupa Timeb F (df) P value η2p

T1, mean (SD) T2, mean (SD) T3, mean (SD)


PSSc score






Group 1 21.17 (6.24) 15.58 (7.81) 16.92 (5.45) 3.22 (2,31) .053 0.17

Group 2 22.40 (5.66) 11.60 (5.85) 16.60 (6.29) 8.95 (2,31) <.001 0.37

Group 3 21.50 (8.17) 14.00 (9.38) 18.67 (7.53) 2.86 (2,31) .07 0.16

Group 4 13.87 (5.19) 14.63 (7.15) 15.13 (5.25) 0.17 (2,31) .85 0.01
GSId






Group 1 58.42 (11.47) 56.33 (18.73) 53.17 (12.58) 2.16 (2,31) .13 0.12

Group 2 59.40 (5.72) 48.90 (7.36) 54.70 (11.31) 6.77 (2,31) .004 0.30

Group 3 54.67 (6.89) 48.83 (6.59) 50.50 (9.89) 1.44 (2,31) .25 0.09

Group 4 53.25 (6.07) 49.88 (8.74) 51.50 (9.47) 0.57 (2,31) .57 0.04
PSTe score






Group 1 57.00 (9.41) 54.92 (11.99) 53.50 (11.97) 1.10 (2,31) .35 0.07

Group 2 59.70 (6.38) 51.90 (9.21) 55.00 (12.24) 5.97 (2,31) .006 0.28

Group 3 56.00 (9.10) 48.67 (8.04) 50.50 (9.94) 3.14 (2,31) .057 0.17

Group 4 56.88 (5.99) 51.63 (8.91) 53.13 (9.75) 2.14 (2,31) .14 0.12
PSDIf






Group 1 57.08 (10.25) 53.00 (16.83) 51.75 (9.96) 1.90 (2,31) .17 0.11

Group 2 57.00 (8.49) 45.10 (6.59) 51.60 (9.57) 6.49 (2,31) .004 0.30

Group 3 53.00 (4.73) 53.00 (14.99) 49.33 (9.48) 0.33 (2,31) .72 0.02

Group 4 48.75 (3.88) 46.88 (7.00) 48.50 (8.19) 0.12 (2,31) .89 0.01
Somatization score






Group 1 57.25 (15.02) 53.83 (21.91) 52.83 (15.12) 1.15 (2,31) .33 0.07

Group 2 55.90 (10.96) 47.30 (7.43) 49.60 (8.75) 2.99 (2,31) .06 0.16

Group 3 49.67 (6.65) 45.83 (6.37) 42.83 (3.87) 1.40 (2,31) .26 0.08

Group 4 51.38 (8.78) 50.50 (8.33) 50.88 (8.63) 0.02 (2,31) .98 0.00
Obsessiveness-compulsiveness score






Group 1 56.83 (8.62) 56.00 (15.58) 54.75 (11.34) 0.34 (2,31) .72 0.02

Group 2 57.60 (7.04) 47.90 (7.91) 53.50 (11.08) 4.99 (2,31) .01 0.24

Group 3 55.83 (7.63)  51.67 (7.03) 50.67 (11.24) 1.13 (2,31) .34 0.07

Group 4 53.38 (4.21) 51.00 (8.47) 51.88 (8.06) 0.26 (2,31) .78 0.02
Interpersonal sensitivity score






Group 1 52.25 (6.11) 48.67 (7.23) 50.17 (10.47) 1.53 (2,31) .23 0.09

Group 2 54.90 (6.33) 48.00 (6.60) 51.60 (11.46) 4.71 (2,31) .02 0.23

Group 3 53.67 (8.43) 45.83 (5.31) 52.33 (9.07) 3.87 (2,31) .03 0.20

Group 4 53.88 (5.57) 49.50 (9.84) 52.63 (15.90)  1.55 (2,31) .23 0.09
Depression score






Group 1 59.25 (12.13) 57.67 (22.76) 55.67 (11.26) 0.72 (2,31) .50 0.04

Group 2 63.10 (9.79) 51.80 (9.46) 56.60 (13.13) 5.34 (2,31) .01 0.26

Group 3 55.33 (9.27) 48.17 (7.63) 54.00 (13.23) 1.19 (2,31) .32 0.07

Group 4 54.63 (8.86) 52.13 (8.86) 51.88 (9.03) 0.36 (2,31) .70 0.02
Anxiety score






Group 1 56.92 (13.59) 57.50 (23.62) 53.50 (10.37) 0.89 (2,31) .42 0.05

Group 2 56.50 (11.57) 47.80 (5.45) 54.10 (9.61) 2.27 (2,31) .12 0.13

Group 3 55.83 (6.94) 51.33 (8.57) 52.67 (11.29) 0.48 (2,31) .62 0.03

Group 4 50.75 (5.31) 46.00 (6.16) 48.38 (6.78) 0.59 (2,31) .56 0.04
Hostility score






Group 1 47.50 (17.58) 48.33 (7.05) 47.33 (8.69) 0.12 (2,31) .89 0.01

Group 2 57.60 (14.52) 45.40 (3.69) 48.80 (7.90) 4.12 (2,31) .03 0.21

Group 3 53.50 (7.99) 49.83 (9.33)  52.00 (8.90) 0.39 (2,31) .68 0.03

Group 4 51.75 (3.28) 46.88 (8.08) 48.63 (6.50) 0.60 (2,31) .56 0.04
Phobic anxiety score






Group 1 51.58 (11.02) 57.67 (21.64) 50.50 (9.56) 2.25 (2,31) .12 0.13

Group 2 50.00 (16.67) 50.60 (6.02) 56.30 (11.38) 2.38 (2,31) .11 0.13

Group 3 48.83 (5.14) 45.67 (3.14)  44.83 (1.60) 0.34 (2,31) .72 0.02

Group 4 48.50 (5.43) 48.38 (5.34) 50.00 (10.92) 0.13 (2,31) .88 0.01
Paranoid ideation score






Group 1 59.92 (10.98) 52.33 (11.76) 53.92 (13.07) 6.58 (2,31) .004 0.30

Group 2 54.20 (9.66) 49.50 (7.82) 54.90 (15.42) 3.49 (2,31) .04 0.18

Group 3 56.50 (10.77) 46.83 (4.96) 48.83 (7.14) 5.35 (2,31) .01 0.26

Group 4 52.25 (8.80) 45.25 (7.44) 50.63 (11.41) 4.57 (2,31) .02 0.23
Psychoticism score






Group 1 56.50 (12.75) 54.67 (15.20) 49.67 (8.79) 3.17 (2,31) .06 0.17

Group 2 56.70 (9.56) 50.20 (8.87) 57.20 (12.64) 4.41 (2,31) .02 0.22

Group 3 48.33 (6.15) 48.17 (6.01) 48.33 (7.47) 0.00 (2,31) >.99 0.00

Group 4 52.63 (9.74) 52.88 (9.75) 52.38 (12.42) 0.01 (2,31) .99 0.00

aGroup 1 received only traditional therapy; group 2 received both traditional therapy and the support of a conversational artificial intelligence agent; group 3 received only the support of a conversational artificial intelligence agent; and group 4 did not receive any treatment (control group).

bT1 indicates before treatment, T2 indicates at the end of treatment, and T3 indicates 3 months after the end of treatment.

cPSS: Perceived Stress Scale.

dGSI: Global Severity Index.

ePST: Positive Symptom Total.

fPSDI: Positive Symptom Distress Index.