Table 3.
Prevalence Rates of Dyslipidemia Patterns Among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes According to Studied Characteristics
| Low HDL-C | High LDL-C | Hypercholesterolemia | Hypertriglyceridemia | Dyslipidemia | High TC/HDL Ratio | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M<40; F<50 mg/dl | ≥ 100 mg/dl | ≥ 200 mg/dl | ≥ 150 mg/dl | ≥ 1 abnormality | ≥ 5 | |
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |
| Overall | 576 (66.2) | 540 (62.1) | 250 (28.7) | 506 (58.2) | 795 (91.4) | 289 (33.2) |
| Age groups (years) | ||||||
| 30–39 | 13 (52.0) | 16 (64.0) | 8 (32.0) | 14 (56.0) | 20 (80.0) | 9 (36.0) |
| 40–49 | 49 (53.8) | 72 (79.1) | 40 (44.0) | 62 (68.1) | 85 (93.4) | 39 (42.9) |
| 50–59 | 194 (70.5) | 188 (68.4) | 87 (31.6) | 171 (62.2) | 260 (94.5) | 99 (36.0) |
| 60–69 | 177 (64.4) | 165 (60.0) | 74 (26.9) | 151 (54.9) | 249 (90.5) | 84 (30.5) |
| 70–79 | 121 (70.8) | 90 (52.6) | 34 (19.9) | 93 (54.4) | 155 (90.6) | 52 (30.4) |
| ≥80 | 22 (66.7) | 9 (27.3) | 7 (21.2) | 15 (45.5) | 26 (78.8) | 6 (18.2) |
| p-value | 0.025 | ˂0.001 | 0.002 | 0.076 | 0.010 | 0.084 |
| Gender | ||||||
| Women | 288 (71.8) | 273 (68.1) | 144 (35.9) | 253 (63.1) | 380 (94.8) | 125 (31.2) |
| Men | 288 (61.4) | 267 (56.9) | 106 (22.6) | 253 (53.9) | 415 (88.5) | 164 (35.0) |
| p-value | 0.001 | 0.001 | ˂0.001 | 0.006 | 0.001 | 0.236 |
| Body Mass Index (BMI) (kg/m2) (Total n. = 752) | ||||||
| Healthy weight, n=137 | 68 (49.6) | 64 (46.7) | 27 (19.7) | 50 (36.5) | 100 (73.0) | 35 (25.5) |
| Overweight, n=262 | 179 (68.3) | 153 (58.4) | 68 (26.0) | 153 (58.4) | 244 (93.1) | 86 (32.8) |
| Obese, n=353 | 252 (71.4) | 239 (67.7) | 114 (32.3) | 234 (66.3) | 340 (96.3) | 132 (37.4) |
| p-value | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 | 0.014 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 | 0.042 |
| Smoking Status | ||||||
| Never smoked | 382 (66.4) | 359 (62.4) | 170 (29.6) | 324 (56.3) | 519 (90.3) | 176 (30.6) |
| Former smoker | 76 (60.8) | 73 (58.4) | 28 (22.4) | 66 (52.8) | 115 (92.0) | 40 (32.0) |
| Current smoker | 118 (69.4) | 108 (63.5) | 52 (30.6) | 116 (68.2) | 161 (94.7) | 73 (42.9) |
| p-value | 0.297 | 0.637 | 0.231 | 0.009 | 0.186 | 0.011 |
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Hypertension | ||||||
| Yes | 517 (72.6) | 461 (64.7) | 216 (30.3) | 453 (63.6) | 699 (98.2) | 256 (36.0) |
| No | 59 (37.3) | 79 (50.0) | 34 (21.5) | 53 (33.5) | 96 (60.8) | 33 (20.9) |
| p-value | ˂0.001 | 0.001 | 0.027 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 |
| Hx of Ischemic heart disease (IHD) | ||||||
| Yes | 212 (77.4) | 189 (69.0) | 93 (33.9) | 189 (69.0) | 273 (99.6) | 116 (42.3) |
| No | 364 (61.1) | 351 (58.9) | 157 (26.3) | 317 (53.2) | 522 (87.6) | 173 (29.0) |
| p-value | ˂0.001 | 0.004 | 0.021 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 |
| Hx of Stroke | ||||||
| Yes | 67 (82.7) | 59 (72.8) | 31 (38.3) | 60 (74.1) | 81 (100.0) | 35 (43.2) |
| No | 509 (64.5) | 481 (61.0) | 219 (27.8) | 446 (56.5) | 714 (90.5) | 254 (32.2) |
| p-value | 0.001 | 0.036 | 0.046 | 0.002 | 0.004 | 0.045 |
| Hx of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) | ||||||
| Yes | 36 (76.6) | 26 (55.3) | 13 (27.7) | 28 (59.6) | 44 (93.6) | 15 (31.9) |
| No | 540 (65.6) | 514 (62.5) | 237 (28.8) | 478 (58.1) | 751 (91.3) | 274 (33.3) |
| p-value | 0.122 | 0.327 | 0.867 | 0.840 | 0.574 | 0.845 |
| Diabetes Situation | ||||||
| Diabetes duration (yrs) (Total n. = 731) | ||||||
| ≤ 10 yrs, n=353 | 233 (66.0) | 189 (53.5) | 67 (19.0) | 195 (55.2) | 321 (90.9) | 93 (26.3) |
| > 10 yrs, n=378 | 253 (66.9) | 276 (73.0) | 163 (43.1) | 239 (63.2) | 351 (92.9) | 161 (42.6) |
| p-value | 0.791 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 | 0.028 | 0.340 | ˂0.001 |
| Glycemic control (based on HbA1c) | ||||||
| Well-controlled (HbA1c≤7%) | 174 (63.3) | 130 (47.3) | 38 (13.8) | 133 (48.4) | 241 (87.6) | 61 (22.2) |
| Poor-controlled (HbA1c>7%) | 402 (67.6) | 410 (68.9) | 212 (35.6) | 373 (62.7) | 554 (93.1) | 228 (38.3) |
| p-value | 0.214 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 | 0.007 | ˂0.001 |
| Diabetes Complications | ||||||
| Retinopathy | ||||||
| Yes | 110 (72.8) | 112 (74.2) | 58 (38.4) | 107 (70.9) | 145 (96.0) | 65 (43.0) |
| No | 466 (64.8) | 428 (59.5) | 192 (26.7) | 399 (55.5) | 650 (90.4) | 224 (31.2) |
| p-value | 0.054 | 0.001 | 0.004 | 0.001 | 0.025 | 0.005 |
| Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD) | ||||||
| Yes | 45 (83.3) | 46 (85.2) | 25 (46.3) | 40 (74.1) | 54 (100.0) | 26 (48.1) |
| No | 531 (65.1) | 494 (60.5) | 225 (27.6) | 466 (57.1) | 741 (90.8) | 263 (32.2) |
| p-value | 0.006 | ˂0.001 | 0.003 | 0.014 | 0.020 | 0.016 |
| Peripheral Neuropathy | ||||||
| Yes | 41 (70.7) | 43 (74.1) | 29 (50.0) | 45 (77.6) | 56 (96.6) | 34 (58.6) |
| No | 535 (65.9) | 497 (61.2) | 221 (27.2) | 461 (56.8) | 739 (91.0) | 255 (31.4) |
| p-value | 0.455 | 0.050 | ˂0.001 | 0.002 | 0.146 | ˂0.001 |
| Nephropathy | ||||||
| Yes | 131 (63.6) | 123 (59.7) | 58 (28.2) | 120 (58.3) | 183 (88.8) | 64 (31.1) |
| No | 445 (67.0) | 417 (62.8) | 192 (28.9) | 386 (58.1) | 612 (92.2) | 225 (33.9) |
| p-value | 0.364 | 0.424 | 0.833 | 0.976 | 0.136 | 0.453 |
Abbreviations: T2DM: N, number; BMI, Body mass index; HTN, Hypertension; IHD, Ischemic heart disease; CKD, chronic kidney disease; BP, Blood pressure; FBS, Fasting blood sugar; Hb, Hemoglobin; m ± SD, mean ± standard deviation.