Table 2.
Exosomal Non-Coding RNAs in Ventricular Remodeling Following Myocardial Infarction
| Effectors | Sources of Exosomes | Targets | Biological Effects | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| microRNAs | ||||
| miR-19a-3p | CMs | HIF-1α | Angiogenesis ↓ | [149] |
| ECs | ERK, Akt | Angiogenesis ↑ | [160] | |
| miR-21 | CFs | SORBS2/PDLIM5 pathway | Hypertrophy ↑ | [83] |
| CSCs | PTEN/Akt pathway | Angiogenesis ↑ Apoptosis ↓ | [173] | |
| CPCs | PDCD4 | Apoptosis ↓ | [174] | |
| miR-21-5p | M1 macrophages | TIMP3 | Fibrosis ↑ | [142] |
| Telocytes | Cdip1/caspase-3 pathway | Apoptosis ↓ Angiogenesis ↑ | [151] | |
| MSCs | PDCD4, PTEN, Peli1, FasL | Apoptosis ↓ | [175] | |
| miR-22 | iPSCs | Sirt1, HDAC4 | Hypertrophy ↑ | [137] |
| miR-25-3p | MSCs | PTEN, FasL EZH2/ SOCS3 pathway |
Apoptosis ↓ Inflammation ↓ |
[170] |
| miR-27a | CFs | PDLIM5 | Hypertrophy ↑ | [135] |
| miR-30 | CMs | Beclin-1, Atg12 | Autophagy ↓ | [54] |
| miR-30d | CMs | itga5/TGF-β1/Smad pathway MAP4K4 pathway |
Fibrosis ↑ Apoptosis ↓ |
[141] |
| miR-30e | MSCs | NF-κB p65/caspase-9 pathway | Apoptosis ↓ | [166] |
| miR-31 | ADSCs | FIH1/HIF-1α pathway | Angiogenesis ↑ | [153] |
| miR-92a | CMs | Smad7 | Fibrosis ↑ | [138] |
| miR-93-5p | ADSCs | Atg7, TLR4 | Inflammation ↓ Autophagy ↓ |
[161] |
| miR-125b | MSCs | p53/Bnip3 pathway | Autophagy ↓ | [179] |
| miR-125b-5p | MSCs | p53, BAK1 | Apoptosis ↓ | [176] |
| miR-132 | MSCs | RASA1 | Angiogenesis ↑ | [154] |
| CMs | caspase 3/IL-1β | Apoptosis ↓ | [167] | |
| miR-133a-3p | MSCs | Akt pathway | Angiogenesis ↑ | [159] |
| miR-143 | Coronary serum of MI patients | IGF-1R/NO pathway | Angiogenesis ↑ | [148] |
| miR-150-5p | MSCs | Bax | Apoptosis ↓ | [168] |
| miR-152-3p let-7i-5p |
CMs | Atg12 FasL |
Apoptosis ↓ | [178] |
| miR-155 | M1 macrophages | Sirt1/AMPKα2/eNOS, RAC1/RAK2 pathways | Angiogenesis ↓ | [92] |
| CMs | MAPK pathway | Inflammation ↑ | [164] | |
| Macrophages | Son of sevenless 1 Cytokine signaling 1 |
Fibrosis ↓ Inflammation ↑ |
[91] | |
| miR-182-5p | MSCs | GSDMD | Inflammation ↓ Pyroptosis ↓ |
[163] |
| miR-193a-5p | Circulating exosomes of MI patients | ACVR1 | Angiogenesis ↑ | [147] |
| miR-200a-3p | CFs | PIGF | Angiogenesis ↓ | [84] |
| miR-208a | CMs | Dyrk2 | Fibrosis ↑ | [139] |
| miR-210 | MSCs | AIFM3 | Apoptosis ↓ | [177] |
| miR-212-5p | MSCs | TGF-β1/Smad pathway | Fibrosis ↓ | [140] |
| miR-217 | CMs | PTEN | Hypertrophy ↑ Fibrosis ↑ |
[81] |
| miR-218-5p miR-363-3p |
EPCs | p53/JMY pathway | Fibrosis ↑ Angiogenesis ↑ |
[143] |
| miR-221-3p | MSCs | PTEN/Akt pathway | Apoptosis ↓ | [171] |
| miR-222 miR-143 |
CMs | N/A | Angiogenesis ↑ | [80] |
| miR-301 | MSCs | N/A | Autophagy ↓ | [180] |
| miR-302d-3p | MSCs | BCL6/NF-κB pathway | Inflammation ↓ | [112] |
| miR-320a | Serum of HF patients | PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway | Fibrosis ↑ | [144] |
| miR-322 | CPCs | NOX/ROS | Angiogenesis ↑ | [156] |
| miR-328-3p | CMs | caspase pathway | Apoptosis ↑ | [165] |
| miR-338 | MSCs | MAP3K2/JNK pathway | Apoptosis ↓ | [169] |
| miR-378 | CMs | p38 MAPK pathway | Fibrosis ↑ | [145] |
| miR-494-3p | DCs | N/A | Angiogenesis ↑ | [152] |
| miR-1246 | HUCMSCs | PRSS23/Snail/α-SMA pathway | Angiogenesis ↑ | [157] |
| miR-1246 miR-1290 |
EPCs | EFL5 SP1 |
Angiogenesis ↑ | [158] |
| lncRNAs | ||||
| MALAT1 | CPCs | miR-497 | Angiogenesis ↑ | [182] |
| MALAT1 | CMs | miR-92a | Angiogenesis ↑ | [183] |
| MALAT1 | M1 Macrophages | miR-25-3p | Angiogenesis ↑ | [94] |
| Neat1 | CMs | N/A | Fibrosis ↑ | [184] |
| AK139128 | CMs | N/A | Apoptosis ↓ | [185] |
| KLF3-AS1 | MSCs | miR-138-5p | Inflammation ↓ Pyroptosis ↓ |
[186] |
| UCA1 | MSCs | miR-873-5p | Apoptosis ↓ | [187] |
| H19 | MSCs | miR-675 | Angiogenesis ↑ Apoptosis ↓ |
[188] |
| circRNAs | ||||
| circHIPK3 | CMs | miR-29 | Angiogenesis ↑ | [189] |
| circUbe3a | M2 macrophages | miR-138-5p | Fibrosis ↑ | [95] |
Abbreviations: MALAT1, metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1; CMs, cardiomyocytes; ECs, endothelial cells; CFs, cardiac fibroblasts; CSCs, cardiac stromal cells; CPCs, cardiac progenitor cells; MSCs, mesenchymal stem cells; iPSCs, induced pluripotent stem cells; ADSCs, adipose-derived stromal cells; EPCs, endothelial progenitor cells; DCs, dendritic cells; HUCMSCs, human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells; HIF, hypoxia-inducible factor; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; SORBS2, sorbin and SH3 domain-containing protein 2; PDLIM5, PDZ and LIM domain 5; PTEN, phosphatase and tension homolog deleted on chromosome 10; TIMP3, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3; Cdip1, cell death inducing p53 target 1; PDCD, programmed cell death; FasL, the Fas ligand; Sirt1, sirtuin 1; HDAC4, histone deacetylase 4; EZH2, enhancer of zest homolog 2; SOCS3, suppressor of cytokine signaling 3; itga5, integrin α-5; TGF, transforming growth factor; MAP4K4, mitogen-associate protein kinase 4; NF-κB, nuclear factor κB; FIH1, factor inhibiting HIF-1; TLR, toll-like receptor; Bnip3, Bcl2-interacting protein 3; RASA1, Ras GTPase-activating protein 1; IL, interleukin; IGF, insulin-like growth factor; NO, nitric oxide; Bax, B-cell lymphoma-associated X; AMPK, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase; eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase; RAC1, Rac family small GTPase 1; RAK2, RAC1-activated kinase 2; GSDMD, Gasdermin-D; ACVR1, activin A receptor type 1; PIGF, placental growth factor; AIFM3, apoptosis-inducing factor 3; BCL6, B-cell lymphoma 6; mTOR, mechanistic target of rapamycin; NOX, NADPH oxidase; ROS, reactive oxygen species; PRSS23, serine protease 23; α-SMA, alpha-smooth muscle actin; ELF5, E74-like factor 5; SP1, specificity protein 1; N/A, no available information.