Fig. 2.

Main signaling pathways and fundamental factors in gastric cancer. The major signaling and crosstalk of MAPK, HER2, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, HGF/c-Met, p53, Wnt/β-catenin, and NF-κB pathways, as well as their regulatory roles in cellular processes, are illustrated. GPCRs G-protein-coupled receptors, HGF hepatocyte growth factor, c-MET c-mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor, EGFR epidermal growth factor receptor, HER2/3/4 human epidermal growth factor receptor 2/3/4, MAPKKKs mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases, RTKs receptor tyrosine kinases, RAS rat sarcoma, RAF rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma, MKK mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase, SAPK/JNK jun amino-terminal kinase, p38-MAPKs p38 group of mitogen-activated protein kinases, MEK mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase, ERK1/2 extracellular signal-related kinase 1/2, PI3K phosphoinositide 3-kinase, AKT protein kinase B, mTORC1/2 mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1/2, PTEN phosphatase and tensin homolog, PDK1 phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1, TSC1/2 tuberous sclerosis complex 1/2, p70S6K1 phosphorylation of ribosomal p70S6 kinase 1, 4E-BP1 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E)-binding protein 1, NF-κB nuclear factor kappa-B, GSK3 glycogen synthase kinase 3, BAD Bcl-xl/Bcl-2-asociated death promoter, Casp9 cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase 9, MDM2 murine double minute 2, p53 tumor protein 53, EMT epithelial-mesenchymal transition, LRP5/6 low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5/6, CKIα casein kinase Iα, APC adenomatous polyposis coli, TCF/LEF T-cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor, TNFR tumor necrosis factor receptor, TLR toll-like receptors, IKK IκB kinase. This figure was created with Biorender.com