Table 1.
Upregulated proteins for JTB downregulated condition
| Proteins | Symbol | BC/other malignancies | GO: BP, MF | Activity of proteins in their upregulated state |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EMT pathway-cytoskeletal reorganization | ||||
| Beta-actin-like protein | ACTBL2 | overexpressed in TNBC [33], EOC [32], melanoma cells [31] | GOBP_ACTIN_FILAMENT_BASED_PROCESS, GOBP_CYTOSKELETON_ORGANIZATION, tumorigenic activity, cell viability, motility and invasion [31], proliferation and migration [32], actin cytoskeleton organization, focal adhesion formation [31] | protumorigenic |
| Tubulin alpha-4A | TUBA4A | overexpressed in BC with brain specific metastasis [37] | HALLMARK_MITOTIC_SPINDLE, GOBP_MITOTIC_CELL_CYCLE and GOBP_CYTOSKELETON_ORGANIZATION, cell movement and development [35], microtentacles formation and metastatic dissemination [36] | protumorigenic |
| Chaperonin-containing TCP-1/chaperonin-containing tailless complex polypeptide 1 | TCP1/CCT | overexpressed in BC [42] | cell proteostasis, cell cycle progression and regulation, cytoskeletal organization [39], cell proliferation and tumorigenesis | protumorigenic |
| Myosin-14 | MYH14 | overexpressed in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma [47] | cytoskeletal protein binding, directional cell deformation and migration, EMT, cell invasion, metastasis [45], lamellipodia formation in MCF7 BC cell line for cell locomotion [48] | protumorigenic |
| Eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1-alpha 1 | eEF1A1 | overexpressed in some human tumors [54], downregulated in invasive BC [53] | cytoskeleton modulation/reorganization [54], cell proliferation, oncogenic transformation [192], HeLa cells growth via intracellular alkalinization [192], inhibition of p53, p73, apoptosis, chemoresistance [193] | controversial |
| Clathrin heavy-chain | CLTC | overexpressed in HCC, human and mouse hepatocyte cultures [64], potential oncogene in hBC [69] | clathrin mediated endocytosis (CME) and maintenance of the cancer cell stemness [60], actin cytoskeleton reorganization and formation of invadopodia [63], tumor growth and angiogenesis [66], cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, migration, invasion and cancer metastasis [67] | protumorigenic |
| Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 5 | CSPG5/NGC/CALEB | overexpressed tumor-associated glycans promote aggressive and metastatic behavior of tumor cells, cell adhesion and migration; CSPG4 is overexpressed in aggressive BC cell lines [71] | differentiation process [70], regulator actin cytoskeleton dynamics [76], cell proliferation [77], tumor growth, cell migration, invasion and metastatic potential [78], upregulated in tumor-hypoxia [74] | protumorigenic |
| Metabolism-related proteins | ||||
| Pyruvate kinase M | PKM | overexpressed in cancer cells [80] | HALLMARK_GLYCOLYSIS, metabolic reprogramming and cancer cell proliferation [81], oxidative stress adaptation and apoptosis [82] | protumorigenic |
| UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase | UGDH | overexpressed in invasive and metastatic BC [79] | HALLMARK_FATTY_ACID_METABOLISM, hyaluronic acid production, promotes BC progression [79], TNBC cell growth [83] | protumorigenic |
| Stress-responsive proteins | ||||
| Chaperonin 10 | CPN10/HSP10 | overexpressed in tumor cells, including BC [91] | anti-apoptosis [87], oncotransformation and cancer development [93] | protumorigenic |
| Heat shock protein 70 kDa-1A | HSP70A1A | overexpressed in BC | folding and trafficking of cancer-associated proteins [90], tumorigenesis, maintenance of cancer cell stemness [93] | protumorigenic |
| Heat shock protein 90 kDa-alpha A2 | HSP90AA2 | overexpressed by MDA-MB-231 BC cell line [97] | promotes EMT, invasiveness and migration by activation of HIF-1α and NF-κB, metastasis [98] | protumorigenic |
| Transcriptional control | ||||
| Zinc finger and BTB/POZ domain-containing protein 4 | ZBTB4 | downregulated in advanced stages of multiple human solid tumors [102], including BC [103] | whereas overexpressed, inhibits growth and invasion of BC cells, suggesting that ZBTB4 functions as a novel tumor suppressor gene [105] | tumor suppressor |
| Inflammatory and immune response | ||||
| Macrophage migration inhibitory factor | MIF | overexpressed in solid tumors [106], including BC [107,111] | HALLMARK_HYPOXIA, GOBP_MACROPHAGE_ACTIVATION, GOPB_MACROPHAGE_CHEMOTAXIS, GOBP_MACROPHAGE_MIGRATION, GOBP_INFLAMMATORY_RESPONSE, induces EMT and enhances tumor aggressiveness [112], metastasis formation, angiogenesis induction, and dysregulation of the cell cycle [106], immune responses [109] and tissue hypoxia [110], worse BC patient survival [108] | protumorigenic |
| ER protein 57-tapasin | ERp57-TAPBP | ERp57 is overexpressed in various cancers, including invasive BC [117] | regulates immune responses, immunogenic cell death, UPR, participates in DNA repair and membrane-initiated signaling pathways, cytoskeletal remodelling, cancer initiation, growth, progression and chemoresistance [117] | protumorigenic |
BC-breast cancer; EOC-epithelial ovarian cancer; HCC-hepatocellular carcinoma; TNBC-triple negative breast cancer.