Table 3.

Parameters of odds ratio and test of goodness-of-fit of the mixed-effects multilevel models, Benishangul Gumuz Region, Northwest Ethiopia, 2021

Models	Fixed intercept-cons (95% CI)	Random effect as level-2 variance var(-cons (95% CI))	Intra-class correlation coefficient: ICC(ρ)	Log-likelihood (LR)-deviance	Significance of LR test vs. logistic regression (P-value)
Adverse birth outcomesa
Empty model	0.08 (0.05, 0.12)	1.55 (0.89, 2.71)	0.32 = 32%	− 670.72	P < 0.0001
Full model	0.1 (0.002, 2.92)	3.75 (1.74, 8.06)	0.53 = 53%	− 220.11	P < 0.0001

P value less than 0.05 is statistically significant and the data fit for the multilevel model

^aMultilevel regression model applied to measure the effect of factors on outcome