Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Participants in Placebo and Crocin Groups
| Parameters | Placebo group (No = 19) |
Crocin group (No = 21) |
p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Agea (y) | 62.68 ± 9.84 | 63.86 ± 10.62 | 0.72 |
| Men, No (%) | 11 (57.90) | 12 (57.14) | 0.96 |
| Duration of diabetesa (y) | 11.11 ± 7.48 | 13.20 ± 3.27 | 0.28 |
| BMIa (kg/m2) | 27.26 ± 3.34 | 27.21 ± 3.86 | 0.97 |
| Blood Pressurea (mmHg) | |||
| SBP | 148.20 ± 22.45 | 150.25 ± 18.08 | 0.31 |
| DBP | 75.33 ± 12.31 | 81.44 ± 16.46 | 0.25 |
| Comorbidities, No (%) | |||
| Migraine | 0 (0.0) | 1 (4.8) | 0.33 |
| Depression | 1 (5.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0.29 |
| Asthma | 1 (5.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0.29 |
| Dyslipidemia | 16 (84.2) | 19 (90.5) | 0.55 |
| Rheumatoid Arthritis | 2 (10.5) | 4 (19.0) | 0.45 |
| Hypothyroidism | 0 (0.0) | 2 (9.5) | 0.17 |
| Non-trial Medication Categories, No (%) | |||
| ACEIs/ARB | 17 (89.5) | 19 (90.5) | 0.92 |
| β-blocker | 7 (36.8) | 8 (38.1) | 0.93 |
| CCB | 6 (31.6) | 5 (23.8) | 0.58 |
| Insulin | 8 (42.1) | 10 (47.6) | 0.73 |
| Biguanide | 14 (73.7) | 16 (76.2) | 0.85 |
| Sulfonylurea | 7 (36.8) | 9 (42.9) | 0.70 |
| Lipid-lowering Agent | 16 (84.2) | 19 (90.5) | 0.55 |
| Antiplatelet Agent | 11 (57.9) | 14 (66.7) | 0.57 |
| Others | 13 (68.4) | 10 (47.6) | 0.58 |
| Laboratory measurements at inclusion | |||
| FBSa (mg/dL) | 136.58 ± 57.17 | 140.52 ± 36.71 | 0.79 |
| Serum TCa (mg/dL) | 157.89 ± 58.85 | 133.24 ± 29.49 | 0.79 |
| Serum TGa (mg/dL) | 143.52 ± 63.89 | 157.89 ± 84.69 | 0.55 |
| Serum HDL-Ca (mg/dL) | 48.68 ± 14.61 | 41.62 ± 9.93 | 0.08 |
| Serum LDL-Ca (mg/dL) | 79.21 ± 53.38 | 64.51 ± 23.44 | 0.26 |
| BUNa (mg/dL) | 45.06 ± 12.34 | 47.32 ± 27.83 | 0.75 |
| HbA1ca (%) | 7.32 ± 1.04 | 6.87 ± 0.67 | 0.11 |
| SCrb (mg/dL) | 1.10 ± 0.40 | 1.20 ± 0.40 | 0.89 |
| ESRb (mm/hr) | 17.50 ± 18.00 | 17.00 ± 28.00 | 0.92 |
| CRPb (mg/dL) | 5.00 ± 0.00 | 5.00 ± 0.50 | 0.06 |
| Urine micro albuminb (mg/dL) | 181.00 ± 318.80 | 185.0 ± 232.5 | 0.51 |
| uACRb (mg/g) | 186.85 ± 240.8 | 161.00 ± 250.8 | 0.88 |
| eGFRb (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 58.00 ± 39.25 | 61.00 ± 20.00 | 0.98 |
| Serum TGF-β2 (ng/mL) | 16.93 ± 1.98 | 17.10 ± 0.80 | 0.64 |
aData are expressed as Mean ± SD
bData are expressed as Median ± IQR, No Number, y Year, BMI Body Mass Index, SBP Systolic Blood Pressure, DBP Diastolic Blood Pressure, ACEIs Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme inhibitors, ARB Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers, CCB Calcium Channel Blockers, FBS Fasting Blood Sugar, TC Total Cholesterol; TG Triglyceride; HDL-C High Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol, LDL-C Low Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol, BUN Blood Urea Nitrogen, HbA1c Hemoglobin A1c, SCr Serum Creatinine, ESR Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate, CRP C-Reactive Protein, uACR Urinary Albumin-Creatinine Ratio, eGFR estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate, TGF-β Transforming Growth Factor-β