Table 1.

Internal and mixed factors: cognitive, psychological, and sociological.

Individual characteristics	Low education level
Cognitive factors	Confirmation bias
	Political partisanship
	Prior exposure and the illusory truth effect
	Repetition and familiarity
	Type of reasoning: intuitive thinking vs. analytic thinking
	Lack of critical thinking
	Little time spend on news
	Lack of crystallised intelligence
	To be “in the know”
	Low educational level
	Low science knowledge
	Trust in “elite” messages
Literacy	Low digital literacy
	Low health literacy
Psychological factors and personality	Novelty
	Emotionally evocative content
	High emotional state
	High arousal emotions
	Low emotional intelligence
	Impulsivity
	Anti-science attitude
Mixed internal and external sociological factors	Selective exposure
	Echo chambers
	False news fabrication and pressure groups
	Stressful environment