Table 5.

Device/system characteristics and clinical applications in literature

Device/ System	Company and location	Level of automation	Processing Time (mins)	Mechanical techniques used by device/system						Clinical Applications in PubMed indexed studies
				Centrifugation	Filtration	Cutting / Mincing	Sedimentation/ Decantation	Washing	Other (Specify)
Adinizer	BSLrest, Busan, South Korea	Manual	Variable (operator dependent)			Y				Indication: Fat grafting/ Lipofilling Treatment  [18]: Cellular product applied at varying depths to different aesthetic units of the face in 24 patients. Outcome: Visual analog scale (VAS) scores at 2 years were consistently high (Range 6-9) from both patient and surgeon.
Adiprep system (+ Smartprep)	Harvest Technologies Corp. Plymouth, MA, USA	Manual + Automated	4	Y					Emulsification	None
Fastem	CORIOS Soc. Coop, Milan, Italy	Automated	10	Y	Y					Indication: Fat grafting Treatment  [24]: Cellular product used to enrich fat grafts before breast augmentation in six patients, comparing their clinical results with patients who underwent grafting with standard lipoaspirate (n=16). Outcome: Greater gain of thickness of both the central and superior-medial quadrants at 6 months vs control.
Hy- Tissue SVF	Fidia Farmaceutici S.p.A, Padua, Italy	Manual	15		Y		Y		Massage	Indication: Osteoarthritis (Animal in vitro study) [22] Indication: Achilles tendinopathy Treatment  [71]: 21 patients with non-insertional achilles tendinopathy (28 tendons) were treated unilaterally or bilaterally with autologous cellular product. Outcome: Significant improvements in VAS, AOFAS and VISA-A scores at 15 and 30 day follow up intervals vs PRP group.
Lipocube Nano	Lipocube Inc, London, UK	Manual	20-30		Y	Y			Emulsification	None
Lipocube SVF/ CellDrive	Lipocube Inc, London, UK	Manual + Automated	20-30	Y	Y	Y				Indication: Fat grafting Treatment  [67]: SVF cell-enriched fat grafting in 46 patients for various aesthetic and reconstructive applications. Outcome: No complications. Results on a 4-point patient satisfaction scale ranged from good to excellent.
Lipogems	Lipogems International S.p.A, Milan, Italy	Semi- automated	3-5		Y		Y	Y	Shaking, Emulsification	ENT Indication: Vocal cord palsy Treatment  [54]: 3 patients had laryngoplasty and injection of autologous cellular product. Outcome: At 12-month follow-up period, voice improvement was consistent in all patients. General Surgery Indication: Intersphincteric anal lipofilling Treatment  [15]: 3 patients with faecal incontinence had autologous cellular product injected in the intersphincteric anal groove. Outcome: At 1 month post procedure, each patient had an improved Wexner incontinence score. At 6 months, ano-rectal manometry showed an increase of resting pressure and ultrasound showed increased thickness of the sphincter. Indication: Repair of a vesicouterine fistula Treatment  [62]: 1 patient had endoscopic transurethral resection of the fistulous tract and injection of autologous cellular product. Outcome: 3 months post procedure, patient was asymptomatic. Cystoscopy showed appropriate scar tissue and cystogram revealed complete repair of VUF. At 24 months, there were no recurrences. Orthopaedic Surgery Indication: Osteoarthritis Treatment  [7]: 20 patients with knee OA were injected with autologous cellular product and followed up at various intervals. Outcome: Improvements in Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) were significant at 3-,6- and 12-months follow-up. At one year, there were improvements in KOOS pain= 14 points, symptoms= 7, activities of daily living= 13, sports= 19 and quality of life=15. Treatment  [76]: 25 patients with shoulder OA were injected with autologous cellular product and followed up at various intervals. Outcome: At one-year, significant improvement (p<0.001) in Visual Analog Scale and disabilities of the arm. Treatment  [21]: 6 consecutive patients with hip OA were given single intra-articular injection of autologous cellular product and followed up at 6 months. Outcome: Harris Hip Score improved from 67.2 (mean pre-operative value) to 84.6 (mean pre- post-operative value) Treatment  [47]: 17 patients with knee OA treated with ultrasound-guided intra-articular injection of autologous cellular product and followed up for up to 12 months. Outcome: Knee Society Score improved from average 74 (baseline) to 82 (12 months) Treatment  [59]: 20 patients with temporomandibular OA treated with autologous cellular product after arthrocentesis vs control group (hyaluronic acid instead). Follow up for up to 6 months. Outcome: Treatment group had a statistically significant superiority in the success rate compared with the control group (P = .018). Treatment  [72]: 64 patients with symptomatic mild-severe knee OA treated with autologous cellular product. Follow up for up to 12 months. Outcome: KOOS, NRS and EQ-5D improved significantly at follow-up compared to baseline (p < 0.05). Treatment  [57]: 52 patients with early knee OA treated with autologous cellular product after arthroscopic debridement. Follow up for up to 24 months. Outcome: The IKS function score improved from average 57.2 (pre-operatively) to 83.0 (at the latest follow-up) (p<0.01). Treatment  [73]: 23 patients with early to moderate patellofemoral OA treated with autologous cellular product. Mean follow-up was 22.1 months. Outcome: Significant improvements in mean IKS knee and function scores vs baseline (35.6 to 61.9 and 52.0 to 82.3 respectively). Treatment  [58]: 202 patients with OA (Kellgren-Lawrence I-IV) were injected with autologous cellular product. Mean follow-up was 24.5 months. Outcome: At 6 months, Total KOOS significantly improved from baseline (p 0.001) and between 6-12 months. At 6 months, VAS was reduced vs baseline (p 0.001), increased at 12 months but remained below baseline. Indication: Used with High Tibial Osteotomy (HTO) for correction of varus knee OA Treatment  [36]: 42 patients treated with HTO and simultaneous intra articular injection of cellular product vs 43 patients treated with only HTO. Outcome: No significant results between both treatment groups in terms of KOOS pain, symptoms, sports, and quality of life. However, a significant improvement (p<0.05) in the activities of daily living.