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. 2022 Sep 26;13:983581. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.983581

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Copyright © 2022 Yin, Song, Tang and Zhang

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The optimal duration of ICIs in different tumor types. For NSCLC, we recommend that discontinuation be considered when 2 years of ICIs-based therapy are completed. For advanced malignant melanoma, early discontinuation of ICIs can be considered in CR patients ready to receive additional treatment for 6 months after achieving CR. If the efficacy is assessed as PR or SD after two years of ICIs treatment, cessation may be taken into account. A two-year combination of ICIs and anti-angiogenic therapy is the main first-line treatment option for advanced liver cancer and renal cancer. In addition, dual immunotherapy has been approved as a first-line treatment for various cancers, including NSCLC, advanced renal cancer, colorectal cancer and pleural mesothelioma, with the same recommendation of two years duration. After two years of ICIs treatment, drug withdrawal can be considered.