Table 2.

Benefits of preprints to the different stakeholders involved in research.

Stakeholders	UNESCO open science recommendations
	1 Promote a common understanding of open science, benefits & challenges, diverse paths to open science	2 Develop an enabling policy environment for open science	3 Invest in open science infrastructures & services	4 Invest in human resources, training, education, digital literacy & capacity building for open science	5 Foster a culture of open science & align incentives for open science	6 Promote innovative approaches for open science at different stages of the scientific process	7 Promote international & multi-stakeholder cooperation in open science
Funders	Preprints are an immediate proof of productivity, allowing the evaluation of the most immediate research outputs at the end of the grant period.
	Preprint are free and provide a low-cost open access option; a wider range of outputs can be shared, bringing a higher return on investment for grants.
	Preprints support FAIR dissemination, they make the latest research results widely findable and accessible, reducing the risk of duplication or unnecessary repetition.
Research Institutions	Preprints provide wide reach and increased transparency to the dissemination of the latest research findings, which can drive institutional reputation.
	Preprint servers align to many of the goals and purposes of institutional repositories.
	Preprints enable interactions across stakeholders earlier in the research process.
Academic Journals	Editorial policies that accept preprints support wide & early sharing of research outputs.			Opportunities to innovate via transfers from preprint servers to journals, or invitations to submit preprints from emerging fields.
				Preprints provide early exposure to the work and drive early citations when the journal article appears.
Research Community	Preprints provide researchers new ways and freedom to share their work. Preprints set the priority of claim to prevent scooping.				Preprints enable early interactions & collaborations among researchers.
					The assessment is focused on the scientific content and free of journal-title proxies, which helps develop critical thinking and review skills.
					Preprint offers solution for researchers with limited APC funding. They can publish the manuscript in a non-OA journal and upload the preprints or author's accepted version to preprint server as the OA version.
Society	Preprints allow broad dissemination via messaging groups (e.g., Whatsapp, Telegram) or social media (e.g., Twitter, Facebook).			Non-specialized readers, such as the public or journalists, can comment or engage with the preprint directly.			Preprints remove barriers for citizen science groups to share their work.